Muscle Flashcards
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
In skeletal muscle, _____ is dense connective tissue which surrounds and separates each muscles and gives rise to tendons that are fused to the periostium of bones.
fascia
The _____ lies around the outer layer of muscle
epimysium
The ____ surrounds fascicles (bundles of skeletal muscle fibres)
perimysium
The _____ surrounds each muscle fibre in a fascicle
endomysium
The _____ is the cell membrane of a muscle cell
sarcolemma
The _____ is the cytoplasm within a that muscle cell
sarcoplasm
____ are made up of thick (myosin) and thin(actin) filaments (sacromeres) which allow muscles to contract and relax and are within the sarcoplasm
myofibrils
Arrangement of thick and thin filaments within myofibrils result in light and dark bands called striations. The dark bands are called __ bands and the light __ bands
dark - A
light - I
Muscle contraction is the shortening of ______ due to the binding of myosin to actin.
sacromeres
Skeletal muscles contract only when stimulated by a ____ ______
motor neuron
Neurotransmitters are released at _____ between axons and muscle fibres
synapses
Neurotransmitters are synthesised in the _____ of the motor neuron and released by ____ _____
cytoplasm
synaptic vesicles
The neurotransmitters diffuse across the _____ ____ , bind to the end plate and stimulate muscle fibres to contract.
synaptic cleft
______ is the neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine
The muscle relaxes after the nerve impulse stops - the enzyme ________ decomposes acetylcholine using the energy of ATP
acetylcholinesterase
_____ is the source of energy for muscle contraction and is stored in muscles
ATP
_____ _____ synthesises and regenerates ATP
creatine phosphate
If there is no creatine phosphate, ______ ______ is used as an energy source to synthesis ATP
cellular respiration
In cellular respiration, _____ is broken down to form ATP - it can be aerobic (producing 30 ATP molecules per glucose molecule) or anaerobic (producing 2 ATPs per glucose)
glucose
In aerobic respiration, _____ _____ is exhaled
carbon dioxide
In anaerobic respiration, ____ ____ is accumulated
lactic acid
_____ fibres make up the majority of muscle fibres- they allow powerful contractions for short term activities and use anaerobic respiration
fast
____ fibres provide prolonged contraction and use aerobic contraction
slow
_____ fibres have more mitochondria than ____ fibres
slow
fast
_____ fibres store glycogen
fast
_____ is an enlargement in muscle, _____ is a decrease in muscle size
hypertrophy
atrophy
The ______ _____ is the minimum stimulus required to generate an impulse through the muscle fibre, release calcium ions, activate cross bridges and contract the muscle.
threshold stimulus
______ ______ of muscles allows performance of daily activities
sustained contractions
_____ ____ is a continuous state of sustained contractions which allows the maintenance of posture
muscle tone
Contractions can either be ______ (involve shortening of the muscle) or ______ (no shortening of muscle) , but most movements involve a combination of both types.
Isotonic
Isometric
Smooth muscle contractions are stimulated by ____ and ______
acetylcholine
norepinephrine
In multiunit smooth muscle, fibres occur separately and are stimulated by _____ and some ____
nerves
hormones
Visceral smooth muscle occurs in ____ and fibres can stimulate each other and display rhythmicity, eg peristalsis
sheets
Cardiac muscle is found only in the ____ , and consists of branching, ______ cells
heart
striated
_____ _____ join cells and transmit the force of contraction within cardiac muscle
intercalated discs
Skeletal muscles usually function in groups - the _____ is the muscle that causes the action and does the majority of the work.
The ______ are muscles that assist the prime mover.
The _____ are muscles that oppose an action.
Agonist
Synergists
Antagonists
