The Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the name of the 2 structures in the heart of the foetus which prevent most of the blood reaching the lungs in foetal circulation?

A

Foramen ovale

Ductus arteriosus

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2
Q

Where is the foramen ovale?

A

Between the left and right atrium

small opening allows blood to move from right atrium to left atrium, bypassing the lungs

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3
Q

Where is the ductus arteriosus?

A

Between the pulmonary artery and aorta

allows blood travelling to lungs to travel to the aorta - bypassing the lungs

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4
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

Provides oxygen for cell function and removes CO2 as a waste product.

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5
Q

What are the 3 stages of respiration? and what do they involve?

A

External-changes of gasses between body and external environment
Internal-transport of gasses to lungs/tissues and exchange with cells
Cellular-in mitochondria of cells - O2 used, CO2 produced

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6
Q

Air entering the respiratory system at the nose/mouth passes through the following structures… (7)

A

Nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli (alveolus).

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7
Q

The _____ is the structure through which air and food pass to the trachea and oesophagus respectively.

A

Pharynx

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8
Q

The ______ houses the vocal cords and prevents foreign objects entering the trachea.

A

Larynx

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9
Q

The ______ is the structure between the larynx and the left and right bronchi.

A

Trachea

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10
Q

Left and right bronchi branch into _____ bronchi - _ in the right and _ in the left.

A

Lobar
3
2

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11
Q

Lobar bronchi branch into ______ bronchi, then ______ and ______ bronchioles and ______.

A

Segmental
terminal and respiratory
Alveoli

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12
Q

Nasal conchae is lined with mucous membrane made from _______ ______ ________. This contains goblet cells which secrete ______.

A

Pseudostratidied cilated epithelium

Mucus

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13
Q

What is the function of the mucus and cilia on the mucous membrane?

A

Mucus traps dust/bacteria, cilia moves the mucus and particles to the oesophagus where it is swallowed rather than entering the respiratory tract.

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14
Q

Alveoli are lined with ____ muscle.

A

smooth

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15
Q

What are bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation?

A

Bronchoconstriction - smooth muscle contracts - reduction in diameter and less air enters alveoli.
Bronchodilation - smooth muscle relaxes- more air enters the bronchioles and alveoli.

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16
Q

The lining of the alveolus is _______ ________ ______.

A

Simple squamous epithelium (thin flattened cells)

17
Q

The lining of the alveolus contains ______ secreting cells (or ______ cells) and local ______ surrounded by blood vessels.

A

Surfactant or septal cells

macrophages

18
Q

What is the purpose of surfactant?

A

Reduces surface tension of alveoli and prevents their collapse.

19
Q

The pleural membrane (serous membrane) forms the ______ pleura and the _____ pleura.

A
Parietal pleura (outer layer)
Visceral pleura (inner layer-lines lungs)
20
Q

There is a pleural _____ in between the 2 layers, containing pleural fluid.

A

cavity

21
Q

What is the function of pleural fluid?

A

Holds the 2 layers of the pleural membrane together and prevents friction.

22
Q

What are the 2 phases of breathing?

A

Inspiration and expiration

23
Q

What are the 2 main muscles involved in inspiration and expiration?

A

The diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles

24
Q

During inspiration, the diaphragm _____ , stimulated by the ______ nerve.

A

Contracts

phrenic

25
Q

During expiration, the internal intercostal muscles and the diaphragm ______.

A

Relax