The Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the name of the 2 structures in the heart of the foetus which prevent most of the blood reaching the lungs in foetal circulation?

Answer 1

Foramen ovale

Ductus arteriosus

Question 2

Where is the foramen ovale?

Answer 2

Between the left and right atrium

small opening allows blood to move from right atrium to left atrium, bypassing the lungs

Question 3

Where is the ductus arteriosus?

Answer 3

Between the pulmonary artery and aorta

allows blood travelling to lungs to travel to the aorta - bypassing the lungs

Question 4

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 4

Provides oxygen for cell function and removes CO2 as a waste product.

Question 5

What are the 3 stages of respiration? and what do they involve?

Answer 5

External-changes of gasses between body and external environment
Internal-transport of gasses to lungs/tissues and exchange with cells
Cellular-in mitochondria of cells - O2 used, CO2 produced

Question 6

Air entering the respiratory system at the nose/mouth passes through the following structures… (7)

Answer 6

Nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli (alveolus).

Question 7

The _____ is the structure through which air and food pass to the trachea and oesophagus respectively.

Answer 7

Pharynx

Question 8

The ______ houses the vocal cords and prevents foreign objects entering the trachea.

Answer 8

Larynx

Question 9

The ______ is the structure between the larynx and the left and right bronchi.

Answer 9

Trachea

Question 10

Left and right bronchi branch into _____ bronchi - _ in the right and _ in the left.

Answer 10

Lobar
3
2

Question 11

Lobar bronchi branch into ______ bronchi, then ______ and ______ bronchioles and ______.

Answer 11

Segmental
terminal and respiratory
Alveoli

Question 12

Nasal conchae is lined with mucous membrane made from _______ ______ ________. This contains goblet cells which secrete ______.

Answer 12

Pseudostratidied cilated epithelium

Mucus

Question 13

What is the function of the mucus and cilia on the mucous membrane?

Answer 13

Mucus traps dust/bacteria, cilia moves the mucus and particles to the oesophagus where it is swallowed rather than entering the respiratory tract.

Question 14

Alveoli are lined with ____ muscle.

Answer 14

smooth

Question 15

What are bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation?

Answer 15

Bronchoconstriction - smooth muscle contracts - reduction in diameter and less air enters alveoli.
Bronchodilation - smooth muscle relaxes- more air enters the bronchioles and alveoli.

Question 16

The lining of the alveolus is _______ ________ ______.

Answer 16

Simple squamous epithelium (thin flattened cells)

Question 17

The lining of the alveolus contains ______ secreting cells (or ______ cells) and local ______ surrounded by blood vessels.

Answer 17

Surfactant or septal cells

macrophages

Question 18

What is the purpose of surfactant?

Answer 18

Reduces surface tension of alveoli and prevents their collapse.

Question 19

The pleural membrane (serous membrane) forms the ______ pleura and the _____ pleura.

Answer 19

Parietal pleura (outer layer)
Visceral pleura (inner layer-lines lungs)

Question 20

There is a pleural _____ in between the 2 layers, containing pleural fluid.

Answer 20

cavity

Question 21

What is the function of pleural fluid?

Answer 21

Holds the 2 layers of the pleural membrane together and prevents friction.

Question 22

What are the 2 phases of breathing?

Answer 22

Inspiration and expiration

Question 23

What are the 2 main muscles involved in inspiration and expiration?

Answer 23

The diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles

Question 24

During inspiration, the diaphragm _____ , stimulated by the ______ nerve.

Answer 24

Contracts

phrenic

Question 25

During expiration, the internal intercostal muscles and the diaphragm ______.

Answer 25

Relax