The Skeletal System Flashcards
Functions of the skeletal system:
- Support
- Leverage
- Protection
- Storage
- Blood cell production
The shaft of the long bone, surrounds the central marrow cavity:
Diaphysis
Made of spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone:
Epiphyses
Cartilage area of a bone where growth in length occurs; between diaphysis and piphyses:
Epiphyseal plates or discs
A fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibers that surrounds bone:
Periosteum
Covers ends of bones that will articulate with out bones to prevent rubbing, grinding and wearing down of the bones:
Articular cartilage
Bone-producing cells; produce new bone matrix to repair the break:
Permit compression of the baby’s head during birth, made of fibrous connective tissue and close up by about 18 months:
Fontanels
Work to reabsorb bone matrix in the center of the diaphysis to form the marow canal; reabsorb any bone fragments:
Osteoclasts
What vitamin is needed for the efficient absorption of calcium and phosphorus by the small intestine:
Vitamin D3
Vitamins A and C are necessary for what:
The process of bone matrix formation (ossification)
Increases rate of mitosis of chondrocytes nd osteoblasts and also increases rate of protein synthesis:
Growth hormone (anterior pituitary)
Increases energy production and increases rate of protein synthesis:
Throxine (thyroid)
Increases energy production from glucose:
Insulin (pancreas)
Increases the release of calcium from the bones to the blood by activating osteoclasts:
Parathyroid hormone (parathyroid glands)
Increases absorption of calcium from the small intestine and kidneys into the bloodstream:
Calcitriol (kidneys)
Causes calcium to be absorbed from the bloodstream back into the bones:
Calcitonin (thyroid)
Retains calcium in bones for strength and promotes closure of the epiphyses (during puberty)- growth stops:
Estrogen (ovaries) and Testosterone (testes)
Bones of arms, legs, hands and feet, longer than they are wide:
Long Bones
Ex: femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna,metatarsals, metacarpals and phalanges
Bones of wrists and anles (also patella) of roughly equal dimensions:
Short bones
Ex: Wrist bones (all of these are carpals)
Ankle bones (all of these are tarsals)
Ribs, scapula, pelvis and cranial:
Flat bones
Ex: Ribs:12 pair, scapula, pelvis and cranial bones
Vertebrae and facial bones:
Irregular bones
2 major subdivisions of the skeleton:
Axial and Appendicular
Axial:
Skull, vertebrae and rib cage
Appendicular:
Pelvis, shoulder and extremities
How many true ribs:
false ribs:
floating ribs:
7 true ribs
3 false ribs
2 floating ribs
Immovable- fibrous connective tissue is between the bones:
Synarthosis
Slightly movable- a disc of fibrous cartilage is between the bones:
Amphiarthrosis
Freely movable joint largest category:
Diarthrosis
Movement on all planes (scapula, humerus, femur and pelvis):
Ball and socket
Movement in one plane (humerus and ulna, femur and tibia and between phalanges):
Hinge joints
Movement in one plane with some lateral (elongated modified ball and socket):
Ellipsoidal joints
Rotation (atlas/axis, radius/ulna):
Pivot joints
Side to side movement (between carpals):
Gliding joints
Movement in several planes (thumb):
Saddle joints
Small sacs of synovial fluid that are between the joint and tendons that cross over the joint:
Bursae
