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A&P > Nervous System and Senses > Flashcards

Nervous System and Senses Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system has two divisions:

A

The central nervous system (CNS)- consists of brain and spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system (PNS)- consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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2
Q

The autonomic nervous system has two divisions:

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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3
Q

Dominant in stress situations, which include anger, fear or anxiety, as well as exercise:

A

Sympathetic divison

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4
Q

Dominates in relaxed (non-stressful) situations to promote normal functioning of several organ systems:

A

Parasympathetic division

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5
Q

Nerve cells are called:

A

Neurons or nerve fibers

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6
Q

What is essential for the continued life of the neuron:

A

The cell body with contains the nucleus

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7
Q

Extensions that transmit impulses towards the cell body:

A

Dendrites

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8
Q

Transmits impulses away from the cell body:

A

Axon

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9
Q

It is the cell membrane of the dendrites, axon and cell body that carries the:

A

Electrical nerve impulse

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10
Q

Axons and dendrites are wrapped in specialized cells called:

A

Schwann cells

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11
Q

The most important of the neuroglia in the peripheral nervous system:

A

Schwann cells

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12
Q

Phospholipid that electrically insulates neurons from one another:

A

Myelin

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13
Q

The spaces between adjacent a Schwann cells, or segments of the myelin sheath, are called:

A

Nodes of Ranvier (neurofibral nodes)

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14
Q

The nuclei and cytoplasm of the Schwann cells are outside the myelin sheath and are called:

A

The neurolemma

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15
Q

Produce a chemical growth that stimulates regeneration:

A

Schwann cells

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16
Q

Regulate the environment around the neurons, provide a supporting framework for neural tissue and acts as phagocytes:

A

Neuroglia

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17
Q

The small space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of the next neuron is the:

A

Synapse

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18
Q

One important consequence of the presence of synapses is that they ensure:

A

One-way transmission of impulses in a living person

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19
Q

Electrical change created by the movement of certain ions through the cell membrane:

A

Nerve impulse

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20
Q

Nerve impulse transmission changes from electrical to chemical and depends on the release of neurotransmitters:

A

At synapses

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21
Q

Neurons may be classified into three groups:

A
  1. Sensory neurons
  2. Motor neurons
  3. Interneurons
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22
Q

Carry impulses from the receptors to the central nervous system:

A

Sensory neurons

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23
Q

Carry impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors:

A

Motor neurons

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24
Q

Sensory and motor neurons make up the:

A

Peripheral nervous system

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25
Q

Interneurons are found entirely within:

A

The central nervous system

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26
Q

A group of axons and/or dendrites of many neurons with blood vessels and connective tissue:

A

Nerve

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27
Q

Groups of neurons within in the central nervous system:

A

Nerve tract

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28
Q

Movement of the eyeball, constriction of the pupil in bright light or for near vision:

A

Oculomotor

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29
Q

Sensory in cardiac, sensory for cardiac, respiratory, and blood pressure reflexes, decreases heart rate, contraction of alimentary tube (peristalsis), increases digestive secretions:

A

Vagus

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30
Q

Involuntary response to a stimulus, that is, an automatic action stimulated by a specific change of some kind:

A

Reflex

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31
Q

Help keep us upright without our having to think about doing so:

A

Stretch reflexes

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32
Q

Stimulus is something painful and potentially harmful, and the response is to pull away from it:

A

Flexor reflexes (withdrawal reflexes)

33
Q

Pathway nerve impulses travel when a reflex is elicited:

A

Reflex arc

34
Q

Four cavities within the brain, each contain a capillary network which forms cerebrospinal fluid:

A

Ventricles

35
Q

Cardiac centers that regulate heart rate, vasomotor centers that regulate the diameter of blodd vessels and respiratory centers that regulate breathing:

A

Medulla

36
Q

Two respiratory centers that work with the medulla to produce a normal respiratory rhythm:

A

Pons

37
Q

Visual and auditory reflexes:

A

Midbrain

38
Q

All functions are concerned with movement:

A

Cerebellum

39
Q

Largest part of the brain:

A

Cerebrum

40
Q

Surface of the cerebrum is called the:

A

Cerebral cortex

41
Q

Motor areas that generate the impulses for voluntary movement:

A

Frontal Lobe

42
Q

Reveice impulses from receptors in the skin and feel and interpret the cutaneous sensations:

A

Parietal Lobe

43
Q

Auditory area and olfactory area for hearing and smelling:

A

Temporal Lobe

44
Q

Impulses from the retinas of the eyes travel along the optic nerves to the visual areas of the:

A

Occipital Lobes

45
Q

Connective tissue membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord are called:

A

Meninges

46
Q

Three layers of the meninges:

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid membrane
  3. Pia mater
47
Q

Constantly provide us with information about our surroundings: we see, hear and touch:

A

Our senses

48
Q

Sensation seems to come from the area where the receptors were stimulated:

A

Projection

49
Q

Sensations felt more distinctly and to a greater degree than are others:

A

Intensity

50
Q

Effect of a previous or simultaneous sensation on a current sensation:

A

Contrast

51
Q

Becoming unaware of a continuing stimulus:

A

Adaptation

52
Q

Sensation remains in the sonsciousness even after the stimulus has stopped:

A

After-image

53
Q

Provide us with information about the external environment and also about the skin itself:

A

Cutaneous senses

54
Q

Pain that originates inan internal organ may be felt in a cutaneous area:

A

Referred pain

55
Q

Detect stretching of muscles and generate impulses, which enable the brain to create a mental picture to know where the muscles are and how they are positioned:

A

Stretch receptors (prorioceptors or muscle spindles)

56
Q

Conatin skeletal muscle that enables them to close and cover the front of the eyeball:

A
57
Q

Keep dust out of the eyes, on the border of each eyelid:

A

Eyelashes

58
Q

Eyelids lined with a thin membrane called the:

A

Conjunctiva

59
Q

Located at the upper, outer corner of the eyeball, within the orbit:

A

Lacrimal glands

60
Q

The eyeball is within and protected by the:

A

Orbit

61
Q

Thickest layer of the eyeball and is made of fibrous connective tissue which is visible as the white of the eye:

A

Sclera

62
Q

Differs from the rest of the sclera in that it is transparent and has no capillaries:

A

Cornea

63
Q

Contains blood vessels and a dark blue pigment that absorbs light within the eyeball and thereby prevents glare:

A

Choroid layer

64
Q

Transparent, elastic protein and has no capillaries:

A

Lens

65
Q

Colored part of the eye:

A

Iris

66
Q

Lines the posterior two thirds of the eyeball and contains the visual receptors, the rods and cones:

A

Retina

67
Q

Detect the presence of light:

Detect colors:

A

Rods

Cones

68
Q

A small depression directly behind the center of the lens and is the area for best color vision:

A

Fovea

69
Q

These neurons, carrying the impulses generated by the rods and cones all converge at the:

Pass through the wall of the eyeball as the:

A

Optic disc

Optic nerve

70
Q

The larger posterior cavity is found between the lens and retina and contains:

A

Vitreous humor

71
Q

The anterior cavity found between the front of the lens and the cornea and contains:

A

Aqueous humor

72
Q

Ear contains two receptors for two senses:

A

Hearing and equilibrium

73
Q

The outer ear consists of:

A

Auricle and ear canal

74
Q

An air-filled cavity in the temporal bone:

A

Middle ear

75
Q

Stretched across the end of the ear canal and vibrates when sound waves strike it:

A

Ear drum or Tympanic membrane

76
Q

Extends from the middle ear to the nasopharynx and permits air to enter or leave the middle ear cavity:

A

Eustachian tube

77
Q

Cavity containing the structures concerned with hearing and equilibrium:

A

Inner ear

78
Q

Membranous sacs in the inner ear:

A

Utricle and saccule

A&P (11 decks)

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