The Scientific Revolution (1600s)

Question 0

Scholasticism

Answer 0

Infused old science into Christianity

- derived knowledge from ancient texts (Aristotle)

Question 1

Old Science

Answer 1

Based on Greek philosophers
Qualitative, based on observations.
Understand nature through logic and reason.

Question 2

Old Science: Medicine

Answer 2

Galen’s 4 humors theory

Question 3

Reasons for change

Answer 3

Renaissance interest in nature expands past art.
Countries become more competitive during exploration (requires star charts)
The church has a new calendar (Gregorian calendar) developed.

Question 4

Copernicus

Answer 4

Develops heliocentric theory (alarmed the church)
Claims planets rotate in perfect circles.
Writes “On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres”
Copernicanism spread

Question 5

“On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres”

Answer 5

Author: Copernicus 
Published: 1543
Refutes the idea of crystalline spheres.
Explains heliocentric theory. 
Describes retrograde motion. 
Springboard for "natural philosophers"

Question 6

Heliocentric

Answer 6

The theory that the sun is the center of the universe.

Question 7

Brahe

Answer 7

Believed in the geocentric theory
Made and recorded all his observations
Had an apprentice named Kepler

Question 8

Kepler

Answer 8

Loosely heliocentric
Uses Brahe’s observations to discover that orbits are elliptical.
Kepler’s Laws:
1. Planets moved in an ellipse
2. Planets speed depended on location from sun
3. Mathematical description of relationship between sun and planets

Question 9

Galileo

Answer 9

Patronized by the Medici family.
Claims that nature can be described through math (quantitative science)
Advocated Copernican theory.
Challenged ideas of solar system with telescope.

Question 10

Trial of Galileo

Answer 10

(1633) Galileo is charged with heresy and defying the church.
Galileo recants and is put under house arrest.
Mistakes acknowledged in 1992…

Question 11

Principia Mathematica

Answer 11

Author: Sir Isaac Newton
Synthesizes Newtonian physics
Emphasizes the 3 laws of motion and gravity.

Question 12

Newtonian View of the Universe

Answer 12

The universe is a finely tuned machine made by God.
humans are to reason by the laws of that machine.
However, he believed God would break the laws to repair the machine.

Question 13

Francis Bacon

Answer 13

The father of empiricism.
Develops inductive reasoning, like the scientific method.
Believed that real science had to improve human life.

Question 14

Instauratio Magna

Answer 14

Means Great Restoration in Latin

Renewal to human knowledge and understandings.

Question 15

Rene Descartes

Answer 15

Mathematician, analytical geometry.
Claimed that every intellectual assertion was objected to systematic doubt.
Presents deductive reasoning.
Discourse on Method: very skeptical

Question 16

“Cogito, ergo sum”

Answer 16

“I think therefore I am.”

–Descartes

Question 17

Discourse on Method

Answer 17

Author: Descartes
Addresses deductive reasoning
Valued math in science.

Question 18

Dualism

Answer 18

Everything in nature has a non-physical mind and a physical body.
One realm can not address or assess the other.
Science is only the physical realm and thus should be secular.

Question 19

Hermeticism

Answer 19

Taught that the world was infused with a single spirit that could be explored through math and magic

Question 20

Neoplatonism

Answer 20

Located reality in a world of spirit rather than in the physical world we experience

Question 21

Newton

Answer 21

Focused on solving mystery of planetary motion with calculus
Universal gravitation: every particle of matter was drawn to every other particle.