Napoleonic Era (1800-1848) Flashcards
Peace of Amiens
1802- Great Britain signed a temporary truce with Napoleon
1805- efforts to expand the empire put France at war with Great Britain again
Plebicites
Public opinion polls
Used by Napoleon to give the facade of caring
The Consulate
- ended French Revolution
- consulate was a 3 man executive body
- 1802: Napoleon was given title of “first consul for life”
Napoleon enforced his position as “first consul for life” by
- suppressing royalists through spies and arrests
- censoring press
- regulating education in schools
- reconciling France with Roman Church
Concordat of 1801
France’s reconciliation with roman church which stipulated that french clergy would be chosen and paid by state but consecrated by the pope
Napoleonic Code (Civil Code of 1804)
- provided a system of uniform law and administrative policy
- incorporated principles espoused during revolution
- abolished primogeniture
- emphasized property rights
- created a meritocracy
- continued ban on workers unions
Liberal Principles of Napoleonic Code
- safeguarded all forms of property
- upheld equality before the law
- established the right to choose a profession
- guaranteed promotion on merit for employees of the state
Conservative Principles of the Napoleonic Code
- upheld the ban on working men’s associations
- upheld the patriarchal nature of french society by granting men extensive rights over their wives and children
States Annexed directly into French Empire
- Belgium
- Germany to the Rhine
- German coastal regions to western Baltic
- West-Central Italy (Rome, Genoa, Trieste)
Satellite Kingdoms ruled by Napoleon’s relatives
- Holland
- Westphalia
- Spain
- the kingdom of Italy
- the Kingdom of Naples
Subservient States and Confederations
- the confederation of the Rhine
- 19 cantons of the Swiss confederation
- Duchy of Warsaw
States independent from France
- Austria
- Prussia
- Russia
- Sweden
- Denmark
Battle of Trafalgar
- Great Britain exemplified its victory over the combined french and Spanish fleets
- October 21,1805
Continental System
To weaken Britain, Napoleon established that all continental european states and kingdoms under french control were forbidden to trade with Britain
Treaty of Tilsit
- July 7, 1807
- Russia signed treaty after their defeat at Friedland
- it recognized France’s claims in Europe
Neoclassicism
- dominant architectural style in Europe
- model for reshaping Europe was Roman Empire
- arc de triomphe is a good example
General Decline and Fall of Napoleon
- flawed policies
- growing resistance
- British counter blockade to continental system which damaged french economy and produced a smuggling enterprise
Decline of Napoleon in Spain
- resistance to Joseph (Napoleons brother)
- opposition to french domination grew into first example of guerrilla warfare, as loosely organized pockets of opposition carried out random raids in Spain
Decline of Napoleon in Germany
- nationalism grew in response to french domination
- opposition forces began to work together and many looked to Prussia for leadership
- Prussia quietly modernized its civil institutions and its army and waited for its opportunity
Decline of Napoleon in Russia
- June 1812: Napoleon invaded Russia with Grand Army
- September 1812: Russian army turned on the french troops and fought one of the bloodiest battles on 19th century
- September 14: Napoleon led army into Moscow but Russia had deserted it and set it aflame
- when they retreated, the winter killed most of them
Exile to Elba
- October 1813: Austria, Prussia, Russia and Sweden defeated Napoleon at Leipzig
- British and Spanish troops took Paris and exiled him to Elba
Battle of Waterloo
- napoleons last attempt
- he was defeated by coalition forces (Austria, Prussia, Russia, Sweden) led by the Duke of Wellington
Restoration after Napoleon
- representatives of the coalition met in Paris at the Congress of Vienna
- they wanted to reestablish the foundations of aristocratic dominance challenged by the French Revolution
Congress of Vienna (Settlements)
- restore Spanish monarchy under Ferdinand XVII
- restore french monarchy under Louis XVIII
- reconstitution of France like it was in 1789
- formation of kingdom of Netherlands with Austrian Netherlands and the Dutch republic
- saxony, Westphalia and the Rhine back to Prussia
- Lombardy, Venetia and German confederation states controlled by Austria
Concert of Europe
- military alliance between Austria, Russia, Prussia and Great Britain
- to secure the balance of power created by Vienna settlement
- required important diplomatic decisions to be made “in concert” with one another
- -1818: FRANCE paid war indemnities and joined*
Revolutions of 1820-1829
- 1820: concert empowered France to intervene in Spain (french won)
- 1821: concert authorized Austria to uprisings in Italian kingdoms
- 1825: Nicholas I crushed revolt led by reform-minded army officers
- 1829: decade long revolt in Greece for independence from Ottoman
Britain’s View on the Revolutions
- it dissented from the actions of the Concert because they believed the concert should not interfere with the domestic politics of european countries
- 1822: Britain left the alliance but continued to consult other major powers
Revolutions of 1830-1832
- 1830: Charles X (France) issued July Ordinances which led to Louis Phillipe taking the throne
- 1830: Belgians won independence from Dutch
- 1831: The Polish wanted independence from Russia but failed
- 1831-32: Austria crushed Italian revolution
- 1832: Britain passed the Reform Bill of 1832
July Ordinances (France)
- dissolved part of the legislative branch of government
- revoked the voting privileges of the bourgeoisie
- created a rebellion by the bourgeoisie, students and workers that forced Charles X to abdicate
- revolutionaries wanted a republic but bourgeoisie put Louis Phillippe
Revolutions of 1848
- France: ban on public meetings led to street demonstrations and Louis Phillippe abdicated
- Vienna: Metternich resigned and Ferdinand I abolished repressive laws and voted to abolish serf
- Berlin: William IV agreed to form a parliament and incorporate liberal leaders into gvmt
- German states: uprisings forced liberal reforms to pass and the Frankfurt Assembly was formed
- Italy: Pope Pius IX flees Rome; concessions were forced from Austria and then driven out
Conservative Repression to Revolutions of 1848
- Paris: uprising demanding relief from poverty and redistribution of wealth; Louis-Napoleon staged coup d’état & ended 2nd republic
- Hapsburg: Austria ended revolutionary resistance and arrested liberal leaders
- Germany: William IV refused the crown offered by Frankfurt Assembly and dispersed assembly
- Italy: Austrian troops reoccupied Milan until Louis-Napoleon helped the pope by sending french soldiers
Frankfurt Assembly
- Formed in german states in 1848
- Liberal leaders who were popularly elected and charged with overseeing the formation of a new german nation
