Nationalism and State Building (1848-1900)

Question 1

Forces Against Italian Unification

Separate States Controlled by Powerful Enemies

Answer 1

• Hapsburg Dynasty of Austria co trolled parts of north and south
• Pope governed Papal States
• Bourbon Dynasty controlled Kingdom of Two Sicilies
• House of Savoy controlled island of Sardinia and Piedmont

Question 2

Forces Against Italian Unification

Economic and Cultural Differences

Answer 2

• north was well developed economically and more sophisticated
• south was rural and agricultural
• north felt little connection to peasants in south
• middle class merchants (north) wanted a greater degree of unity for easier trade and tended to support liberal reforms

Question 3

Carbonari

Answer 3

• secret clubs whose members came from middle class families & army
• 1820: they briefly succeeded in organizing an uprising that forced King Ferdinand I to grant a constitution and new parliament
• Austrian troops, blessed by the concert of Europe, crushed the revolt

Question 4

Young Italy

Answer 4

• Giuseppe Mazzini’s group had carried the banner of nationalism
• Mazzini fought for the establishment of an Italian republic that would serve as a beacon for the rest of humanity

Question 5

Risorgimento

Answer 5

• Mazzini formed this movement which was composed of intellectuals and university students who shared his idealism
• 1834-1848: they attempted a series of insurrections
• 1848: established a roman republic until it as crushed by the forces of the reaction

Question 6

Count Camillo Cavour

Answer 6

• chief minister to King Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia
• conservative aristocrat with ties to a powerful Italia ruler
• advocated a constitutional monarchy under Emmanuel II
• cautious and practical statesman

Question 7

Cavour’s Strategy

Answer 7

-sought to increase the amount of territory under control of Piedmont and weaken opponents by playing them against each other

Question 8

How did Cavour Unite Italy?

1855-1860

Answer 8

• 1855: Crimean war allowed him to denounce Austrian occupation
• 1858: Napoleon III promised to support should Austria attack
• 1859: Cavour goaded Austrians into attacking Piedmont so France was forced to defeat Austrian troops
• 1860: majority of duchies shook off Austrian rulers and united with Piedmont

Question 9

The End of Liberal Nationalism

Answer 9

• 1800-1848: they tended to ally against conservatism
• both believed that political sovereignty resided in the people
• 1830-1848: liberals believed in rights of all people while nationalists cared only of their own rights
• the final straw between them was the failure of the liberals to hold power they had temporarily seized
• nationalist dreams turned to conservative leaders

Question 10

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Answer 10

• 1860: launched a series of uprisings under his control
• romantic nationalist and supporter of Mazzini
• May 1860: an army of Italian patriots aided a peasant revolt in Sicily
• he provided leadership to a nationalist revolt that took control of most of southern Italy and set its sights on Rome

Question 11

Southern Nationalist Movement (Garibaldi)

Answer 11

• it was a genuine revolt of the masses rather than the political maneuvering of a single kingdom (like Piedmont)
• garibaldi hoped to establish an Italian republic that would respect the rights of individuals and improve the lot of peasants and workers

Question 12

Cavour vs. Garibaldi

Answer 12

• garibaldi’s troops began to threaten Rome, Cavour persuaded Napoleon to allow army to invade Papal States to head off garibaldi
• 1860: Piedmont controlled Papal States

Question 13

The Kingdom of Italy

Answer 13

• Garibaldi submitted southern Italy to victor Emmanuel (Piedmont)
• garibaldi preferred unity over his idea of a republic
• 1861: the kingdom of Italy was formed with a constitutional monarchy
• the kingdom had all of Italy except Rome (until 1870) and Venetia (until 1866)

Question 14

Forces Against German Unification

Answer 14

• rural, conservative, Protestant north VS urban, liberal, catholic south
• history of proud independence of the German states
• influence of Hapsburg Austria on German confederation

Question 15

Prussian Leadership in Germany

Answer 15

• Frankfort Assembly in 1848 failed
• leadership in German nationalist movement passed to Prussia
• Prussia had the strongest military in Germany
• they established the Zollverein (large, free-trade zone)

Question 16

How Bismarck Came to Power

Answer 16

• 1861: Prussia’s new monarch William I wanted to reorganize and further strengthen the military but the legislature resisted
• a struggle between monarch and legislature ensued
• William turned to conservative Bismarck to be prime minister

Question 17

Otto von Bismarck

Answer 17

• set a policy to unify Germany under Prussian crown (realpolitik)
• it asserted that the aim of the Prussian policy would be to increase its power by whatever means necessary
• unification would be through “blood and iron”

Question 18

Schleswig-Holstein Affair

Answer 18

• Bismarck decided war with Austria was inevitable
• he enlisted Austria as an ally against Denmark over two duchies
• once Denmark ceded the duchies, Bismarck provoked an argument with Austria over control of the duchies

Question 19

Realpolitik in Action

Answer 19

• Bismarck obtained Italian support for a war with Austria
• he ensured Russian neutrality by supporting Russia against polish rebels
• persuaded Napo III that a weak Austrian power was in France’s best interest
• he carried out a series of diplomatic & military tasks that provoked Austria into declaring war

Question 20

Austro-Prussian War of 1866

Answer 20

• Prussian troops surprised and overwhelmed a larger Austria force
• Prussia won in 7 weeks
• Austria was expelled from the old German Confederation
• a new North German Confederation was created under control of Prussia

Question 21

War in France

Answer 21

• all that was left was to draw the south German states into the new confederation
• the south (catholic/liberal) feared being absorbed by Protestant and authoritarian Prussians
• Bismarck felt the only way was a war with a foreign enemy

Question 22

Ems Telegram

Answer 22

• France and Prussia were fighting over the throne in Spain
• Bismarck edited a telegram between Napoleon III and William I to make it seem that they were insulting
• France declared war but south German states helped prussia, captured Napoleon and took Paris in 1871

Question 23

The Second Reich

Answer 23

• heads of all german states proclaimed William I Kaiser of the German Empire
• the new empire took the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine from France and billed the French 5 billion francs as a war indemnity

Question 24

Nationalism in the Hapsburg Empire

Answer 24

• hapsburg empire was an anachronism and nationalism worked to tear it apart
• Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph agreed to the Compromise of 1867 and set up the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary with himself as ruler of both

Question 25

Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte Back on the Throne

Answer 25

• National Assembly refused to allow Louis-Napoleon to run again so he staged a coup d’etat in 1851
• the public sided with him bc universal male suffrage
• two plebiscites were passed: voting to establish a Second Empire and to make Louis-Napo hereditary emperor

Question 26

Crimean War (1853-1856)

Answer 26

Russia battled Britain and France for control of parts of Ottoman Empire (this damaged the reputation of the tsar and the military)

Question 27

Tsar Alexander II

Answer 27

• ascended to the Russian throne in 1855
• determined to reform and modernize russia
• he abolished serfdom, made judiciary more independent, and created local political assemblies

Question 28

Alexander’s Mistakes

Answer 28

• he attempted to deal with russian nationalities problem by relaxing restrictions on the Polish population in Russia
• this led to an attempted Polish Revolution of 1863
• Alex repressed minorities in russia until in 1866, he gave up liberal reform and turned russia into a police state