Nationalism and State Building (1848-1900) Flashcards
1
Q
Forces Against Italian Unification
Separate States Controlled by Powerful Enemies
A
- Hapsburg Dynasty of Austria co trolled parts of north and south
- Pope governed Papal States
- Bourbon Dynasty controlled Kingdom of Two Sicilies
- House of Savoy controlled island of Sardinia and Piedmont
2
Q
Forces Against Italian Unification
Economic and Cultural Differences
A
- north was well developed economically and more sophisticated
- south was rural and agricultural
- north felt little connection to peasants in south
- middle class merchants (north) wanted a greater degree of unity for easier trade and tended to support liberal reforms
3
Q
Carbonari
A
- secret clubs whose members came from middle class families & army
- 1820: they briefly succeeded in organizing an uprising that forced King Ferdinand I to grant a constitution and new parliament
- Austrian troops, blessed by the concert of Europe, crushed the revolt
4
Q
Young Italy
A
- Giuseppe Mazzini’s group had carried the banner of nationalism
- Mazzini fought for the establishment of an Italian republic that would serve as a beacon for the rest of humanity
5
Q
Risorgimento
A
- Mazzini formed this movement which was composed of intellectuals and university students who shared his idealism
- 1834-1848: they attempted a series of insurrections
- 1848: established a roman republic until it as crushed by the forces of the reaction
6
Q
Count Camillo Cavour
A
- chief minister to King Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia
- conservative aristocrat with ties to a powerful Italia ruler
- advocated a constitutional monarchy under Emmanuel II
- cautious and practical statesman
7
Q
Cavour’s Strategy
A
-sought to increase the amount of territory under control of Piedmont and weaken opponents by playing them against each other
8
Q
How did Cavour Unite Italy?
1855-1860
A
- 1855: Crimean war allowed him to denounce Austrian occupation
- 1858: Napoleon III promised to support should Austria attack
- 1859: Cavour goaded Austrians into attacking Piedmont so France was forced to defeat Austrian troops
- 1860: majority of duchies shook off Austrian rulers and united with Piedmont
9
Q
The End of Liberal Nationalism
A
- 1800-1848: they tended to ally against conservatism
- both believed that political sovereignty resided in the people
- 1830-1848: liberals believed in rights of all people while nationalists cared only of their own rights
- the final straw between them was the failure of the liberals to hold power they had temporarily seized
- nationalist dreams turned to conservative leaders
10
Q
Giuseppe Garibaldi
A
- 1860: launched a series of uprisings under his control
- romantic nationalist and supporter of Mazzini
- May 1860: an army of Italian patriots aided a peasant revolt in Sicily
- he provided leadership to a nationalist revolt that took control of most of southern Italy and set its sights on Rome
11
Q
Southern Nationalist Movement (Garibaldi)
A
- it was a genuine revolt of the masses rather than the political maneuvering of a single kingdom (like Piedmont)
- garibaldi hoped to establish an Italian republic that would respect the rights of individuals and improve the lot of peasants and workers
12
Q
Cavour vs. Garibaldi
A
- garibaldi’s troops began to threaten Rome, Cavour persuaded Napoleon to allow army to invade Papal States to head off garibaldi
- 1860: Piedmont controlled Papal States
13
Q
The Kingdom of Italy
A
- Garibaldi submitted southern Italy to victor Emmanuel (Piedmont)
- garibaldi preferred unity over his idea of a republic
- 1861: the kingdom of Italy was formed with a constitutional monarchy
- the kingdom had all of Italy except Rome (until 1870) and Venetia (until 1866)
14
Q
Forces Against German Unification
A
- rural, conservative, Protestant north VS urban, liberal, catholic south
- history of proud independence of the German states
- influence of Hapsburg Austria on German confederation
15
Q
Prussian Leadership in Germany
A
- Frankfort Assembly in 1848 failed
- leadership in German nationalist movement passed to Prussia
- Prussia had the strongest military in Germany
- they established the Zollverein (large, free-trade zone)
16
Q
How Bismarck Came to Power
A
- 1861: Prussia’s new monarch William I wanted to reorganize and further strengthen the military but the legislature resisted
- a struggle between monarch and legislature ensued
- William turned to conservative Bismarck to be prime minister
17
Q
Otto von Bismarck
A
- set a policy to unify Germany under Prussian crown (realpolitik)
- it asserted that the aim of the Prussian policy would be to increase its power by whatever means necessary
- unification would be through “blood and iron”
18
Q
Schleswig-Holstein Affair
A
- Bismarck decided war with Austria was inevitable
- he enlisted Austria as an ally against Denmark over two duchies
- once Denmark ceded the duchies, Bismarck provoked an argument with Austria over control of the duchies
19
Q
Realpolitik in Action
A
- Bismarck obtained Italian support for a war with Austria
- he ensured Russian neutrality by supporting Russia against polish rebels
- persuaded Napo III that a weak Austrian power was in France’s best interest
- he carried out a series of diplomatic & military tasks that provoked Austria into declaring war
20
Q
Austro-Prussian War of 1866
A
- Prussian troops surprised and overwhelmed a larger Austria force
- Prussia won in 7 weeks
- Austria was expelled from the old German Confederation
- a new North German Confederation was created under control of Prussia
21
Q
War in France
A
- all that was left was to draw the south German states into the new confederation
- the south (catholic/liberal) feared being absorbed by Protestant and authoritarian Prussians
- Bismarck felt the only way was a war with a foreign enemy
22
Q
Ems Telegram
A
- France and Prussia were fighting over the throne in Spain
- Bismarck edited a telegram between Napoleon III and William I to make it seem that they were insulting
- France declared war but south German states helped prussia, captured Napoleon and took Paris in 1871
23
Q
The Second Reich
A
- heads of all german states proclaimed William I Kaiser of the German Empire
- the new empire took the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine from France and billed the French 5 billion francs as a war indemnity
24
Q
Nationalism in the Hapsburg Empire
A
- hapsburg empire was an anachronism and nationalism worked to tear it apart
- Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph agreed to the Compromise of 1867 and set up the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary with himself as ruler of both
25
Q
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte Back on the Throne
A
- National Assembly refused to allow Louis-Napoleon to run again so he staged a coup d’etat in 1851
- the public sided with him bc universal male suffrage
- two plebiscites were passed: voting to establish a Second Empire and to make Louis-Napo hereditary emperor
26
Q
Crimean War (1853-1856)
A
Russia battled Britain and France for control of parts of Ottoman Empire (this damaged the reputation of the tsar and the military)
27
Q
Tsar Alexander II
A
- ascended to the Russian throne in 1855
- determined to reform and modernize russia
- he abolished serfdom, made judiciary more independent, and created local political assemblies
28
Q
Alexander’s Mistakes
A
- he attempted to deal with russian nationalities problem by relaxing restrictions on the Polish population in Russia
- this led to an attempted Polish Revolution of 1863
- Alex repressed minorities in russia until in 1866, he gave up liberal reform and turned russia into a police state
