The Enlightenment (1700s)

Question 0

Public Opinion

Answer 0

New social force created by expanding the literate public causing changes in the cultural and political climates.

Question 1

Print Culture

Answer 1

The culture that is transmitted through books, pamphlets, newspapers, journals

Question 2

Adam Smith

Answer 2

Wrote "Wealth of Nations" (1776) 
Law of supply and demand (invisible hand guided economy) 
Taxing foreign objects would fail 
Advocated laissez-faire economics
Rejected the mercantile system

Question 3

Beccaria

Answer 3

Wrote ‘On Crimes and Punishments’
Attacks torture and capital punishment.
Advocates speedy trials and fair punishment.

Question 4

Deism

Answer 4

The belief that regarded God as a ‘divine watchmaker’

Believed that entrance to heaven was granted based on merit.

Question 5

Enlightenment

Answer 5

Refers to an 17th century cultural movement which argued that society and its laws should be based on human reason instead of custom or tradition

Question 6

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 6

Author of Leviathan
Asserted that self interest motivated nearly all human behavior
Concluded that the natural state of man was one of war
Claimed that government required absolute power for peace which could be acquired through a sacred covenant with the people

Question 7

John Locke

Answer 7

Parliamentarian
Wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Humans are born tabula rasa (blank slate) which contradicted Christian notion that’s humans were born corrupt and sinful
Wrote Second Treatise which emphasizes private property

Question 8

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 8

Published The Vindication of the Rights of Women
Argued that reason was the basis of moral behavior in all humans
Challenged men to acknowledge equality and human rights of all men and women

Question 9

Royalists

Answer 9

Supported the traditional power and privilege of the aristocracy and the King

Question 10

Parliamentarians

Answer 10

Were seeking to limit the power and privilege of the aristocracy and King

Question 11

Baron de Montesquieu

Answer 11

Spirit of the Laws (1748): stresses importance of the rule of law and made a system of a divided government for checks and balances

Question 12

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 12

Claimed that the only role of government was to guarantee citizens unalienable rights to life liberty and the pursuit of happiness

Question 13

Philosophe

Answer 13

A new breed of philosopher dedicated to educating broader public

Question 14

Enlightened Despotism

Answer 14

Absolute rulers that would use their power to reform and rationalize society

Question 15

Frederick II of Prussia

Answer 15

Enlightened despot
Abolished serfdom
Religious tolerance
Remained militaristic under absolutist regime

Question 16

Joseph II of Austria

Answer 16

Enlightened despot
Tolerance for Lutherans and Calvinists
Abolished serfdom
Liberalized rules for governing press

Question 17

Salons in Paris

Answer 17

Rooms where men and women gathered to educate themselves about and discuss the new ideas of the age on privacy and safety.

Question 18

David Hume

Answer 18

Rejected Christianity
Argued that miracles contradicted human reason
Claimed that religion was based on hope and fear

Question 19

Newtonian Analysis

Answer 19

1. Setting up experiments and drawing conclusions

2. Resolving math problems by reducing them to equations

Question 20

Descartes philosophy

Answer 20

Characterized by intelligibility

Question 21

Rococo

Answer 21

Artistic style of the 18th century

Question 22

Encyclopedia

1751-1772

Answer 22

Diderot and D’alembert

Wanted to contribute to progress of human knowledge