Politics in Europe and Imperialism in Africa (1860-1914)

Question 1

What are Mass Politics?

Answer 1

the participation, in increasingly aggressive yet unstable ways, of the masses in the governing if european nations

Question 2

Mass Politics in Great Britain

Answer 2

-1860: Britain already felt mass politics

Question 3

Great Reform Bill of 1832

Answer 3

• the threat of violence from the masses caused this

- it changed the electoral process in England and enfranchised most of the adult, male middle class

Question 4

Chartism (1837-1842)

Answer 4

• demonstrated the degree to which the lower-middle and working classes desired further reform
• Chartists organized massive demonstrations

Question 5

People’s Charter petition called for…

Answer 5

• universal manhood suffrage
• annual parliaments
• voting by secret ballot
• equal electoral districts
• abolition of property qualifications
• payment of members of parliament

Question 6

Causes of New Imperialism

Answer 6

• need for raw materials
• need for new markets to sell manufactured goods
• technological innovations encouraged adventures
• nationality that unified european nations
• Political Elite competed for fame and glory through conquest
• P.E. wanted support of the newly politicized and enfranchised masses

Question 7

Effects of People’s Charter

Answer 7

• if enacted, it would have had the effect of creating a completely democratic House of Commons
• parliament rejected the charter on numerous occasions

Question 8

Reform Bill of 1867

Conservative

Answer 8

• Benjamin Disraeli (Conservative) said reform was inevitable
• the bill doubled amount of people eligible to vote and extended it to lower middle class
• conservatives regulated working hours and conditions

Question 9

Reform Bill of 1884

Liberal

Answer 9

• William Gladstone passed the bill
• it extended the right to vote to 2/3 of males
• primary education was available to all
• military and civil service was more democratic

Question 10

Midlothian Campaign

Answer 10

• 1879: Gladstone embarked on political campaign (Liberal)

- Disraeli countered with “Church, Monarchy and Empire” (conservative)

Question 11

Paris Commune

Answer 11

• France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian ended Napoleon’s III Second Empire
• people of Paris set up own democratic government (commune)
• they were crushed in 1871

Question 12

France’s Divided Rule

Answer 12

• monarchists initially ruled gvmt of 3rd Republic
• 1870: france was ruled by an elected liberal government
• 1880: conservative nationalists supported an attempted coup by General George Boulanger

Question 13

Boulanger Affair

Answer 13

• General George Boulanger’s attempted coup in France

- it failed but underscored the fragility of french democracy and the volatility of mass politics in France

Question 14

Kulturkampf (war for civilization)

Answer 14

• Bismarck restricted religious freedom of Catholics in Germany
• he did it to appeal the strong sense of nationalism
• the ultimate result was to revive and strengthen the catholic political party (Roman Catholic Center Party)

Question 15

Bismarck’s Defeat

Answer 15

• 1878: repealed much of the anti-catholic legislation in order to get catholic support for his war against german socialist party
• he was unable to remove socialists so he tried to undermine their working class political base by passing a system of social insurance
• socialists continue & Bismarck was dismissed by William II

Question 16

Mass Politics in Austria-Hungary

Answer 16

the introduction of universal manhood suffrage in 1907 made Austria-Hungary so hard to govern that the emperor began bypassing the parliament and ruling by decree

Question 17

Mass Politics in Russia

Answer 17

• mass politics were terrorism

- radical groups like The People’s Will carried out acts of violent opposition (like bombing Alexander II)

Question 18

Russianization

Answer 18

• Alex II successor’s Alex III, waged war on liberalism and democracy
• he began the program to standardize language and religion throughout Russian empire

Question 19

Events that led to the Scramble For Africa

Answer 19

• British takeover of the sues canal

- belgium’s aggressive expansion in the Congo

Question 20

Britain’s control of Egypt led to

Answer 20

• British expansion farther south to provide better security for Egypt
• British support for french expansion into northwest Africa in return for France’s acceptance of British occupation in Egypt

Question 21

Berlin Conference of 1885

Answer 21

• Belgians explored Congo, french expanded into Western Africa and Bismarck claimed parts of Eastern Africa
• at the conference representatives established free trade zones and set up guidelines for partitioning of Africa

Question 22

Guidelines for Partition of Africa

Answer 22

• nation needed to establish enough physical presence to control and develop a territory before it could be claimed
• claimants must treat Africans humanely