The Respiratory System - Mace Flashcards
Respiration consists of which of the following?
a) Breathing
b) Gas exchange
c) Gas transport
d) Usage of O2 to make ATP
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
What molecule is responsible for the transport of O2 in the blood?
What about CO2?
Hemoglobin is responsible for transport of O2
Bicarbonate is responsible for transport of CO2
Name the 5 functions of the respiratory system.
Respiration Sound production Odor Detection pH regulation Effects of blood pressure
Put the layers of the respiratory mucosa in order from outermost to innermost. Mucus Lamina propria Epithelium Basement membrane
Mucus
Epithelium
Basement membrane
lamina propria
Where are goblet cells found and what is their function?
Goblet cells are found within the epithelial cells and their function is to secrete mucous.
As you go deeper into the respiratory system, what changes do you notice as far as the characteristics of the epithelium?
The epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium to simple ciliated columnar epithelium to simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium to simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli.
Basic concept is that the epithelium gets thinner as you go down.
What type of epithelium is found in the mouth and oropharynx?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
T/F? The respiratory epithelium is continuous with the epithelium lining the paranasal sinuses.
True
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses.
Warm, humidify and clean incoming air.
Lighten weight of skull.
Give resonance to voice.
What is the mucociliary escalator?
The wavelike movement of cilia against airflow towards the pharynx, starting in the trachea and bronchioles.
Where are the following shapes of cartilage found in the in the respiratory system.
C shaped rings
Full Rings
plates
C shaped rings - trachea
full rings - mainstem bronchi
plates - lobar bronchi and beyond
Which nervous system is responsible for bronchoconstriction, what about bonchodilation?
Bronchoconstriction - parasympathetic
Bronchodilation - sympathetic
What structure is responsible for determining when and alveoli has reached max inflation?
a) connective tissue
b) interalveolar septum
c) alveolar sac
d) Elastic fibers
d) elastic fibers
Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except:
a) The pharynx
b) The epiglottis
c) The oral cavity
d) The tongue
e) The lips
b) the epiglottis
What is the difference between internal and external gas exchange?
External gas exchange is between the alveoli and capillaries.
Internal gas exchange is the gas exchange between RBC’s and tissues
What makes the respiratory membrane different from other membranes? Why is it important for gas exchange?
The respiratory membrane features a fused basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium. It allows for easier gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries.
What structure allows for air to move from one alveoli to another?
Alveolar pores
What is the structural difference between type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells.
What about function?
Type 1 alveolar cells are wide and flat. They function in gas exchange.
Type 2 alveolar cells are thicc. They produce surfactant to keep alveoli from collapsing.
Are the left and right pleural cavities continuous or discontinuous?
Discontinuous. It prevents a pneumothorax from collapsing both lungs and prevents helps prevent infection from spreading.
Is inspiration active or passive?
Active
Is the pressure in the thoracic cavity positive or negative during inspiration?
Negative
Is quiet expiration active or passive?
passive?
Is the pressure in the intrathoracic cavity positive or negative during quiet expiration?
Positive
Which if the following are muscles of quiet breathing?
a) external intercostal
b) scalene muscles
c) respiratory diaphragm
d) two of the above
e) all of the above
d) A and C
Which of the following is NOT a muscle of forced inspiration?
a) Sternocleidomastoid
b) Erector Spinae
c) Pectoralis minor
d) Serratus posterior superior
e) all of the above are muscles of forced inspiration
e) all of the above are muscles of forced inspiration
* Scalenes are also muscles of forced inspiration
Which of the following is NOT a muscle of forced expiration?
a) Transversus thoracis
b) Internal intercostal
c) transversus abdominis
d) Rectus abdominis
e) Serratus posterior inferior
d) Rectus abdominis
Boyle’s law refers to an __________ relationship between pressure and volume.
inverse
During inspiration, the thoracic cage expands in what directions?
a) lateral and anterior/posterior
b) lateral and inferior
c) inferior and anterior/posterior
d) inferior and superior
a) lateral (bucket handle) and anterior/posterior (spicket handle)
Does the bronchial tree and trachea have fixed or variable resistance?
variable due to bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation in response to autonomic NS
Which of the following factors does NOT influence compliance of the lung?
a) lung volume
b) surface tension
c) elasticity of lung tissue
d) mobility of thoracic cage
a) lung volume
The law of Laplace indicates that pressure in the alveolus is _____ (directly/inversely) proportional to surface tension, and _______ (directly/inversely)proportional to radius of the alveoli.
directly, inversely
Control of breathing is done by what 4 types of sensory receptors?
Chemoreceptors
Proprioceptors
Stretch receptors
Irritant receptors
What areas of the brain control breathing regulation?
Medulla oblongata
Pontine respiratory groups
Hypothalamus, Limbic system, cerebral cortex
Define the following terms: Eupnea Apnea Dyspnea Hyperpnea Hyperventilation Hypoventilation Kussmal Respiration Orthopnea Respiratory arrest Hypercapnia Hypocapnia
Eupnea: relaxed quiet breathing (500mL tidal volume, 12-15 RR)
Apnea: temporary cessation of breathing
Dyspnea: labored, gasping, SOB
Hyperpnea: increased rate and depth of breathing
Hyperventilation: Increased pulmonary respiration in excess of metabolic demand
Hypoventilation: reduced pulmonary ventilation
Kussmal Respiration: deep rapid breathing often induced by acidosis
Orthopnea: dyspnea that occurs while lying down
Respiratory arrest: permanent cessation of breathing
Hypercapnia: elevated PCO2 levels in blood (>43mmHg)
Hypocapnia: low PCO2 levels in blood (<37mmHg)
In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?
a) Atmospheric pressure
b) respiratory rate
c) bronchiole diameter
d) quantity of surfactant
e) the diaphragm
c) bronchiole diamter
Where is the partial pressure of oxygen higher? Inspired air or alveolar air?
What about the partial pressure of CO2?
The partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the inspired air.
The partial pressure of CO2 is higher in the alveolar air.
During a right shift, hemoglobins affinity for oxygen _________. During a left shift, hemoglobins affinity for oxygen ________.
Decreases
Increases
In the following examples, would a left or right shift occur? Increase temp Acidity Alkaline High CO2 Low Co2 Presence of BPG Presence of hormones
Increase temp - right Acidity - right Alkaline - left High CO2 - right Low Co2 - left Presence of BPG - right Presence of hormones - right
What is the main regulator of ventilation rate? Oxygen or CO2?
CO2
Define hypoxemic hypoxia
Low oxygen in blood due to a ventilation problem
Define ischemic hypoxia
No or low blood flow to a tissue
Define anemic hypoxia
Low oxygen carrying ability of the blood (could be due to low RBC count or CO poisoning)
Define histotoxic hypoxia
Toxic agent decreases ATP production so the tissues do not use oxygen
If CO2 levels in the blood increase, what will happen to the pH?
As CO2 increases, pH decreases (becomes more acidic)
