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RRCCPA Physiology/Pathophysiology I > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory receptor cells do what?

A

They detect odors

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2
Q

Supporting cells

A

sustain receptors

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3
Q

basal cells

A

Replace olfactory cells every 40-60 days

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4
Q

Lamina Propia

A
  • Areolar connective tissue lay

- Houses Blood vessels, nerves and olfactory glands

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5
Q

Olfactory bowman glands

A

Help form mucous covering olfactory epithelium

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6
Q

Are olfactory receptor cells, Bipolar? Unipolar? or multipolar?

A

They are bipolar structure- single dendrite and unmyelinated axon

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7
Q

Where are chemoreceptors for a specific odorant housed

A

They are housed in the olfactory hairs- cilia projecting from receptor cell dendrite

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8
Q

What is the pathway of detecting smells

A

Mucous contains odorant-binding proteins——->odorant binds to protein——->protein stimulates receptor cells——>G-protein in receptor cell actiates adenylate cyclase & converts ATP to cAMP——-> cAMP leads to opening of ion channels for Na+, Ca2+ (depolarization)——> This triggers an action potential conducted to glomerulus

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9
Q

Secondary neurons carry signals of smell to what parts of the brain

A
  1. Cerebral cortex (perceive, and identify smell)
  2. Hypothalamus (visceral reaction to smell)
  3. amygdala (smell recognition, emotional reaction)
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10
Q

What is Gustation

A

The sense of taste

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11
Q

What are the four papillae of the tongue

A
  1. Filiform papillae
  2. Fungiform Papillae
  3. Vallate Papillae
  4. Foliate Papillae
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12
Q

short and spiked
No taste buds (no role in gustation); help manipulate food
Located on anterior two-thirds of tongue surface refers to what papillae of the tongue?

A

Filiform papillae

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13
Q

mushroom-shaped
Each contains a few taste buds
Located on tip and sides of tongue

A

Fungiform papillae

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14
Q

largest, least numerous
Contain most of the taste buds
Located in a row of 10–12 along posterior dorsal tongue surface

A

Vallate papillae

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15
Q

leaflike ridges
Not well developed
House a few taste buds in early childhood
Located on posterior lateral ton

A

Foliate papillae

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16
Q

How long do chemoreceptive receptor cells of taste buds usually live

A

7-9days

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17
Q

what are the 5 basic taste sensations

A
  1. Sweet
  2. salt
  3. sour
  4. bitter
  5. umani
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18
Q

What produces the “salt” taste

A

Produced by metal ions Na+ and K+

19
Q

What produces the “Bitter” taste

A

Produced by alkaloids (unsweetened chocolate)

20
Q

What produces the “umami” taste

A

This taste is related to amino acids producing meaty flavor

21
Q

pathway for sweet, bitter and umami taste

A
  1. Tastant binds to specific cell membrane receptors
  2. G protein is activated causing formation of 2nd messenger
  3. Results in cell depolarization
22
Q

Are the tastants for salt and sour molecules or ions?

A

Tastants for salt and sour are ions and depolarize the cell directly

23
Q

What do depolarized gustatory cells release and what do they stimulate

A
  1. The release the neurotransmitter stimulating primary neuron in CN VII or CN IX
24
Q

Two common defects of image formation

A
  1. Hyperopia- farsightedness

2. Myopia-near sightedness

25
Q

What could be a result of weak extrinsic eye muscles

A

This can cause diplopia (double vision)

Extrinsic eye muscles are used in the convergence of the eyes

26
Q

Describe the three actions involved in looking at objects of a distance greater than 20ft

A
  1. Eyes face forward (not converged)
  2. Lens is Flattened
  3. Pupil is relatively dilated
27
Q

What are photopigments

A

These are light absorbing molecules

28
Q

What are photopigments made of and do they all transduce the same wavelength?

A

They made of OPSIN protein and light absorbing retinal (made from vitamin A).

They do not transduce the same wavelength. Different pigment types have different opsins transducing different wavelengths

29
Q

Do photoreceptors contain multiple photopigments or just one

A
  1. just one

Each photoreceptor has only one photopigment type

30
Q

What do Rods contain?

A

Rods contain Rhodopsin

31
Q

What are the three different types of cones and what kind of wavelength do they detect?

A
  1. Blue cones- Short wavelengths
  2. Green cones- intermediate wavelengths
  3. Red cones- best detect long wavelengths
32
Q

Know the bleaching reaction and regeneration of rhodopsin

A

Refer to slides 23 and 24

33
Q

Describe Dark adaptation

A
  • Return of sensitivity to low light levels after bright light
  • Bleached rods must regenerate rhodopsin
  • May take 20 to 30 minutes to see well
34
Q

Describe Light adaptation

A
  • Process of adjusting from low light to bright conditions
  • Pupils constrict, but cones initially overstimulated
  • Takes about 5 to 10 minutes for full adjustment
35
Q

Sound wave to never signal pathway

A
  1. Sound waves vibrate tympanic membrane
  2. Ossicles vibrate and transmit waves to oval window
  3. Fluid pressure waves in scala vestibuli push vestibular membrane causing pressure waves in endolymph of cochlear duct
  4. Specific regions of basilar membrane move (depending on sound wave frequency)
  5. Hair cells distorted, causing changes in neurotransmitter release
  6. Sensory neurons with axons in CN VIII are stimulated to fire
  7. Pressure is transmitted to scala tympani and absorbed by round window
36
Q

Describe the stimulation pathway of the cochlear hair cell

A
  1. Inner hair cells contain ion channels at their tips and tip link proteins that connect them
  2. Hair cells are bathed in K+ endolymph that is far more positive than the fluid inside the cell
  3. When basilar membrane moves up, hair cells are pushed into tectorial membrane and their tips are tilted, pulling tip links
  4. Tip links pull open ion channel allowing K+ to diffuse into the hair cell and depolarize it
  5. Hair cell releases more neurotransmitter from its base, exciting the sensory neuron, which can fire action potentials
  6. When basilar membrane moves down, the process quickly reverses
37
Q

What does loudness depend on?

A

Loudness depends on wave amplitude

  • louder sounds create larger movements of basilar membrane
  • the larger the movement the faster the nerve signal and larger number of stimulated cells
38
Q

What creates the perception of sound

A

This is created by pressure waves vibrating objects

39
Q

What is Pitch dependent on?

A

Dependent on the frequency of the vibrating object

-humans can hear 20-20,000 Hz

40
Q

What do high frequency sounds excite? what do low frequency sounds excite?

A

High frequency excites cells in stiff basilar membrane

Low frequency sounds excite cells in flexible basilar membrane near apex

This creates variations in Pitch

41
Q

What monitors our equilibrium

A

Equilibrium is monitored by vestibular apparatus: utricle, saccule, semicircular ducts

42
Q

What do the Utricle and Saccule detect?

A

Static equilibrium and linear acceleration

43
Q

What does the semi circular duct detect

A

angular acceleration

RRCCPA Physiology/Pathophysiology I (23 decks)

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