Endocrine (Mace)- Exam 2 Flashcards
Endocrine cells differ from neurons because they have a _________(slow/fast) speed for action, and a _________(Long-lasting/short) longevity of action.
slow (mins/hrs/years) long-lasting
___________ are the chemical messenger for endocrine cells.
Hormones
Neurons and endocrine cells are similar in that they both require a ________, which initiate changes in the target cell.
Receptor
True or false? The adrenal gland is divided into two sections, which basically act as separate glands.
True. The adrenal gland is divided into the cortex and medulla; these areas act as separate glands and produce completely different hormones
Is the hypothalamus considered a primary or secondary endocrine organ?
SECONDARY. Along with the stomach, kidneys, liver, small intestine and pancreas,
How does a hormone know which cell is a target cell?
It doesn’t. It goes everywhere via the blood, and the target cell has a receptor which registers the response.
This form of endocrine stimulation is associated with the control of hormonal release in response to changes in extracellular fluid levels or ion levels
Humoral stimulation
This form of endocrine stimuli refers to the release of hormones in response to hormones released by other endocrine glands.
Hormonal
Name the 3 chemical classes of hormones.
Steroids (and their derivatives) Peptides (Proteins) Biogenic amines
All of the following hormones are in the steroid class, EXCEPT: a. melatonin b. cortisol c. aldosterone d. progesterone
A. Melatonin
Name the 7 steroid hormones that we have to know
Aldosterone
Androgens
Calcitriol
Corticosterone
Cortisol
Estrogens
Progesterone
Steroid hormones are (water or lipid)-soluble
Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble which means they can pass through lipid membranes
Where are steroid hormones produced?
Gonads and adrenal cortex (formed from cholesterol)
Short peptides are called oligopeptides. Name the two oligopeptides we have to know, as well as where they are formed/released from.
Oxytocin and ADH are formed in the hypothalamus, then stored in and eventually released from the posterior pituitary
Name the two polypeptides we have to know, as well as where they are formed/released from
Insulin and glucagon are synthesized in and released from the pancreas
Name the two glycoproteins we have to know
FSH and TSH
Name the 6 peptide/protein hormones we have to know
Oxytocin and ADH (oligopeptides)
Insulin and glucagon (polypeptides)
FSH and TSH (glycoproteins)
Protein hormones are (water or lipid)-soluble
Protein hormones are water-soluble, which means they cannot cross lipid membranes. Instead, they stimulate receptors on the outside of the cell which triggers an intracellular response.
Name the 5 biogenic amines we have to know
Dopamine (PIH)
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Melatonin
Thyroid hormone* (TH has the structure of a biogenic amine b/c it’s derived from tyrosine, but it acts as a steroid (i.e. it’s lipid soluble, not water soluble like the other biogenic amines)).
The main group of local hormones is called eicosanoids, which are derived from _____________ created in the lipid membrane.
The main group of local hormones is called eicosanoids, which are derived from arachidonic acid created in the lipid membrane.
Eicosanoids are local hormones involved in inflammation.
1) Name the 3 eicosanoids we have to know.
2) Which ones can be blocked by NSAIDs?
3) Which ones can be blocked by steroids?
1) Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes
2) NSAIDs block prostaglandins and thromboxanes (NSAIDs block the cyclooxygenase pathway…. NSAIDs are cox blocks)
3) Steroids block all 3 b/c they act more upstream on arachidonic acid.
What 4 factors influence the variability of a target cell’s response to a hormone?
1) # of receptors up/down regulated by target cell. Cells up-regulate receptors in response to reduced hormone concentration in blood, and vice versa
2) # of circulating hormones
3) Half-life of hormone
4) Strength of hormone-receptor binding
The connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is called the ____________________, whereas the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary is called the ________________________.
The connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system (this is a vascular connection), whereas the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary is called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract (this is a neural connection).
Name the variables that influence the release of GHRH from the hypothalamus
Age
Time of day
Nutrient levels in the blood
Stress and exercise
GH stimulates hepatocytes to produce _____
IGF
Name the effectors and effector responses stimulated by GH and IGF
- Bone, muscle, all cells: increased amino acid uptake, resulting in protein synthesis; stimulates cellular division and differentiation
- Liver tissue: increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; decreased glycogenesis
- Adipose tissue: increased lypolysis; decreased lipogenesis
Within the thyroid, _________ cells produce TH, which is then stored in __________. _________ cells produce calcitonin.
Within the thyroid Follicular cells produce TH, which is then stored in follicular colloid. Parafollicular cells (C cells) produce calcitonin.
Which hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?
Catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
Bonus question: Which class of hormones are these guys in?
wait for it…..
biogenic amines! along with melatonin and thyroid hormone
Which cells produce catecholamines?
Chromaffin cells located within the adrenal medulla
Name the 3 distinct layers of the adrenal cortex from outside to inside, as well as which hormones are secreted from each layer.
- Zona glomerulosa: mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
- Zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- Zona reticularis: gonadocorticoids (mostly androgens)
The zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol) in response to ACTH. Name cortisol’s target organs and resulting effects.
- Liver: increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; decreased glycogenesis
- Adipose tissue: increased lypolysis; decreased lipogenesis
- All cells: stimulates protein catabolism (except in hepatocytes); decreases cellular glucose uptake
*High doses of cortisol results in:
- Increased retention of Na+ and H2O
- Decreased inflammation
- Immune suppression
- Inhibition of CT repair
The zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone). Name aldosterone’s target organ and the resulting effects.
Aldosterone is released by the zona glomerulosa in response to angiotensin II, and it acts on the kidney to increase Na+ retention and therefore water retention, which helps to return BP or [Na+] back to normal. Aldosterone provides negative feedback on the kidneys to stop releasing renin.
Name the 3 hormones (and their functions) secreted by the ovaries.
-
Estrogen (estadiol):
- Secondary sex characteristics
- Endometrium growth
- Develop. fetus
-
Progesterone:
- nutrient enrichment
- maintain pregnancy
- smooth muscle relaxant
-
Inhibin:
- selective inhibition of FSH
Name the two hormones (and their functions) secreted by the testis.
-
Testosterone:
- Secondary sex characteristics
- sperm development
- sex organ development
-
Inhibin:
- Inhibits FSH secretion
The exocrine function of the pancreas is: ______________
The endocrine function of the pancreas is _____________
The exocrine function of the pancreas is producing digestive enzymes.
The endocrine function of the pancreas is producing insulin and glucagon.
(alpha/beta) cells produce glucagon, whereas (alpha/beta) cells produce insulin
Alpha cells produce glucagon, whereas beta cells produce insulin.
Addisons Disease is a deficient production of _________. What symptoms does this cause?
Addisons disease is a deficient production of cortisol.
Sx include:
Weight gain
Low blood glucose
Chronic fatigue
Muscle weakness
Loss of appetite
Cushing’s disease is an excess production of _________ due to a _______ tumor. What symptoms does this cause?
Cushing’s disease is an excess production of cortisol due to a pituitary tumor (produces too much ACTH).
Sx include:
Hyperglycemia
Break down of muscle and bone
Water and salt retention
Redistribution of fat (abdominal fat and buffalo hump)
Proneness to infections and poor healing abilities
Cushing’s syndrome refers to excess ________ due to a(n) _________ tumor or over-administration of exogenous glucocorticoids.
Cushing’s syndrome refers to excess cortisol due to an adrenal tumor or over-administration of exogenous glucocorticoids.
