Endocrine (Mace)- Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine cells differ from neurons because they have a _________(slow/fast) speed for action, and a _________(Long-lasting/short) longevity of action.

A

slow (mins/hrs/years) long-lasting

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2
Q

___________ are the chemical messenger for endocrine cells.

A

Hormones

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3
Q

Neurons and endocrine cells are similar in that they both require a ________, which initiate changes in the target cell.

A

Receptor

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4
Q

True or false? The adrenal gland is divided into two sections, which basically act as separate glands.

A

True. The adrenal gland is divided into the cortex and medulla; these areas act as separate glands and produce completely different hormones

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5
Q

Is the hypothalamus considered a primary or secondary endocrine organ?

A

SECONDARY. Along with the stomach, kidneys, liver, small intestine and pancreas,

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6
Q

How does a hormone know which cell is a target cell?

A

It doesn’t. It goes everywhere via the blood, and the target cell has a receptor which registers the response.

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7
Q

This form of endocrine stimulation is associated with the control of hormonal release in response to changes in extracellular fluid levels or ion levels

A

Humoral stimulation

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8
Q

This form of endocrine stimuli refers to the release of hormones in response to hormones released by other endocrine glands.

A

Hormonal

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9
Q

Name the 3 chemical classes of hormones.

A

Steroids (and their derivatives) Peptides (Proteins) Biogenic amines

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10
Q

All of the following hormones are in the steroid class, EXCEPT: a. melatonin b. cortisol c. aldosterone d. progesterone

A

A. Melatonin

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11
Q

Name the 7 steroid hormones that we have to know

A

Aldosterone

Androgens

Calcitriol

Corticosterone

Cortisol

Estrogens

Progesterone

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12
Q

Steroid hormones are (water or lipid)-soluble

A

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble which means they can pass through lipid membranes

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13
Q

Where are steroid hormones produced?

A

Gonads and adrenal cortex (formed from cholesterol)

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14
Q

Short peptides are called oligopeptides. Name the two oligopeptides we have to know, as well as where they are formed/released from.

A

Oxytocin and ADH are formed in the hypothalamus, then stored in and eventually released from the posterior pituitary

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15
Q

Name the two polypeptides we have to know, as well as where they are formed/released from

A

Insulin and glucagon are synthesized in and released from the pancreas

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16
Q

Name the two glycoproteins we have to know

A

FSH and TSH

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17
Q

Name the 6 peptide/protein hormones we have to know

A

Oxytocin and ADH (oligopeptides)

Insulin and glucagon (polypeptides)

FSH and TSH (glycoproteins)

18
Q

Protein hormones are (water or lipid)-soluble

A

Protein hormones are water-soluble, which means they cannot cross lipid membranes. Instead, they stimulate receptors on the outside of the cell which triggers an intracellular response.

19
Q

Name the 5 biogenic amines we have to know

A

Dopamine (PIH)

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Melatonin

Thyroid hormone* (TH has the structure of a biogenic amine b/c it’s derived from tyrosine, but it acts as a steroid (i.e. it’s lipid soluble, not water soluble like the other biogenic amines)).

20
Q

The main group of local hormones is called eicosanoids, which are derived from _____________ created in the lipid membrane.

A

The main group of local hormones is called eicosanoids, which are derived from arachidonic acid created in the lipid membrane.

21
Q

Eicosanoids are local hormones involved in inflammation.

1) Name the 3 eicosanoids we have to know.
2) Which ones can be blocked by NSAIDs?
3) Which ones can be blocked by steroids?

A

1) Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes
2) NSAIDs block prostaglandins and thromboxanes (NSAIDs block the cyclooxygenase pathway…. NSAIDs are cox blocks)
3) Steroids block all 3 b/c they act more upstream on arachidonic acid.

22
Q

What 4 factors influence the variability of a target cell’s response to a hormone?

A

1) # of receptors up/down regulated by target cell. Cells up-regulate receptors in response to reduced hormone concentration in blood, and vice versa
2) # of circulating hormones
3) Half-life of hormone
4) Strength of hormone-receptor binding

23
Q

The connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is called the ____________________, whereas the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary is called the ________________________.

A

The connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system (this is a vascular connection), whereas the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary is called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract (this is a neural connection).

24
Q

Name the variables that influence the release of GHRH from the hypothalamus

A

Age

Time of day

Nutrient levels in the blood

Stress and exercise

25
Q

GH stimulates hepatocytes to produce _____

A

IGF

26
Q

Name the effectors and effector responses stimulated by GH and IGF

A
  • Bone, muscle, all cells: increased amino acid uptake, resulting in protein synthesis; stimulates cellular division and differentiation
  • Liver tissue: increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; decreased glycogenesis
  • Adipose tissue: increased lypolysis; decreased lipogenesis
27
Q

Within the thyroid, _________ cells produce TH, which is then stored in __________. _________ cells produce calcitonin.

A

Within the thyroid Follicular cells produce TH, which is then stored in follicular colloid. Parafollicular cells (C cells) produce calcitonin.

28
Q

Which hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Bonus question: Which class of hormones are these guys in?

wait for it…..

biogenic amines! along with melatonin and thyroid hormone

29
Q

Which cells produce catecholamines?

A

Chromaffin cells located within the adrenal medulla

30
Q

Name the 3 distinct layers of the adrenal cortex from outside to inside, as well as which hormones are secreted from each layer.

A
  • Zona glomerulosa: mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
  • Zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • Zona reticularis: gonadocorticoids (mostly androgens)
31
Q

The zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol) in response to ACTH. Name cortisol’s target organs and resulting effects.

A
  • Liver: increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; decreased glycogenesis
  • Adipose tissue: increased lypolysis; decreased lipogenesis
  • All cells: stimulates protein catabolism (except in hepatocytes); decreases cellular glucose uptake

*High doses of cortisol results in:

  • Increased retention of Na+ and H2O
  • Decreased inflammation
  • Immune suppression
  • Inhibition of CT repair
32
Q

The zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone). Name aldosterone’s target organ and the resulting effects.

A

Aldosterone is released by the zona glomerulosa in response to angiotensin II, and it acts on the kidney to increase Na+ retention and therefore water retention, which helps to return BP or [Na+] back to normal. Aldosterone provides negative feedback on the kidneys to stop releasing renin.

33
Q

Name the 3 hormones (and their functions) secreted by the ovaries.

A
  • Estrogen (estadiol):
    • Secondary sex characteristics
    • Endometrium growth
    • Develop. fetus
  • Progesterone:
    • nutrient enrichment
    • maintain pregnancy
    • smooth muscle relaxant
  • Inhibin:
    • selective inhibition of FSH
34
Q

Name the two hormones (and their functions) secreted by the testis.

A
  • Testosterone:
    • Secondary sex characteristics
    • sperm development
    • sex organ development
  • Inhibin:
    • Inhibits FSH secretion
35
Q

The exocrine function of the pancreas is: ______________

The endocrine function of the pancreas is _____________

A

The exocrine function of the pancreas is producing digestive enzymes.

The endocrine function of the pancreas is producing insulin and glucagon.

36
Q

(alpha/beta) cells produce glucagon, whereas (alpha/beta) cells produce insulin

A

Alpha cells produce glucagon, whereas beta cells produce insulin.

37
Q

Addisons Disease is a deficient production of _________. What symptoms does this cause?

A

Addisons disease is a deficient production of cortisol.

Sx include:

Weight gain

Low blood glucose

Chronic fatigue

Muscle weakness

Loss of appetite

38
Q

Cushing’s disease is an excess production of _________ due to a _______ tumor. What symptoms does this cause?

A

Cushing’s disease is an excess production of cortisol due to a pituitary tumor (produces too much ACTH).

Sx include:

Hyperglycemia

Break down of muscle and bone

Water and salt retention

Redistribution of fat (abdominal fat and buffalo hump)

Proneness to infections and poor healing abilities

39
Q

Cushing’s syndrome refers to excess ________ due to a(n) _________ tumor or over-administration of exogenous glucocorticoids.

A

Cushing’s syndrome refers to excess cortisol due to an adrenal tumor or over-administration of exogenous glucocorticoids.

40
Q
A