Endocrine (Mace)- Exam 2

Question 1

Endocrine cells differ from neurons because they have a _________(slow/fast) speed for action, and a _________(Long-lasting/short) longevity of action.

Answer 1

slow (mins/hrs/years) long-lasting

Question 2

___________ are the chemical messenger for endocrine cells.

Answer 2

Hormones

Question 3

Neurons and endocrine cells are similar in that they both require a ________, which initiate changes in the target cell.

Answer 3

Receptor

Question 4

True or false? The adrenal gland is divided into two sections, which basically act as separate glands.

Answer 4

True. The adrenal gland is divided into the cortex and medulla; these areas act as separate glands and produce completely different hormones

Question 5

Is the hypothalamus considered a primary or secondary endocrine organ?

Answer 5

SECONDARY. Along with the stomach, kidneys, liver, small intestine and pancreas,

Question 6

How does a hormone know which cell is a target cell?

Answer 6

It doesn’t. It goes everywhere via the blood, and the target cell has a receptor which registers the response.

Question 7

This form of endocrine stimulation is associated with the control of hormonal release in response to changes in extracellular fluid levels or ion levels

Answer 7

Humoral stimulation

Question 8

This form of endocrine stimuli refers to the release of hormones in response to hormones released by other endocrine glands.

Answer 8

Hormonal

Question 9

Name the 3 chemical classes of hormones.

Answer 9

Steroids (and their derivatives) Peptides (Proteins) Biogenic amines

Question 10

All of the following hormones are in the steroid class, EXCEPT: a. melatonin b. cortisol c. aldosterone d. progesterone

Answer 10

A. Melatonin

Question 11

Name the 7 steroid hormones that we have to know

Answer 11

Aldosterone

Androgens

Calcitriol

Corticosterone

Cortisol

Estrogens

Progesterone

Question 12

Steroid hormones are (water or lipid)-soluble

Answer 12

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble which means they can pass through lipid membranes

Question 13

Where are steroid hormones produced?

Answer 13

Gonads and adrenal cortex (formed from cholesterol)

Question 14

Short peptides are called oligopeptides. Name the two oligopeptides we have to know, as well as where they are formed/released from.

Answer 14

Oxytocin and ADH are formed in the hypothalamus, then stored in and eventually released from the posterior pituitary

Question 15

Name the two polypeptides we have to know, as well as where they are formed/released from

Answer 15

Insulin and glucagon are synthesized in and released from the pancreas

Question 16

Name the two glycoproteins we have to know

Answer 16

FSH and TSH

Question 17

Name the 6 peptide/protein hormones we have to know

Answer 17

Oxytocin and ADH (oligopeptides)

Insulin and glucagon (polypeptides)

FSH and TSH (glycoproteins)

Question 18

Protein hormones are (water or lipid)-soluble

Answer 18

Protein hormones are water-soluble, which means they cannot cross lipid membranes. Instead, they stimulate receptors on the outside of the cell which triggers an intracellular response.

Question 19

Name the 5 biogenic amines we have to know

Answer 19

Dopamine (PIH)

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Melatonin

Thyroid hormone* (TH has the structure of a biogenic amine b/c it’s derived from tyrosine, but it acts as a steroid (i.e. it’s lipid soluble, not water soluble like the other biogenic amines)).

Question 20

The main group of local hormones is called eicosanoids, which are derived from _____________ created in the lipid membrane.

Answer 20

The main group of local hormones is called eicosanoids, which are derived from arachidonic acid created in the lipid membrane.

Question 21

Eicosanoids are local hormones involved in inflammation.

1) Name the 3 eicosanoids we have to know.
2) Which ones can be blocked by NSAIDs?
3) Which ones can be blocked by steroids?

Answer 21

1) Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes
2) NSAIDs block prostaglandins and thromboxanes (NSAIDs block the cyclooxygenase pathway…. NSAIDs are cox blocks)
3) Steroids block all 3 b/c they act more upstream on arachidonic acid.

Question 22

What 4 factors influence the variability of a target cell’s response to a hormone?

Answer 22

1) # of receptors up/down regulated by target cell. Cells up-regulate receptors in response to reduced hormone concentration in blood, and vice versa
2) # of circulating hormones
3) Half-life of hormone
4) Strength of hormone-receptor binding

Question 23

The connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is called the ____________________, whereas the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary is called the ________________________.

Answer 23

The connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system (this is a vascular connection), whereas the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary is called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract (this is a neural connection).

Question 24

Name the variables that influence the release of GHRH from the hypothalamus

Answer 24

Age

Time of day

Nutrient levels in the blood

Stress and exercise

Question 25

GH stimulates hepatocytes to produce _____

Answer 25

IGF

Question 26

Name the effectors and effector responses stimulated by GH and IGF

Answer 26

• Bone, muscle, all cells: increased amino acid uptake, resulting in protein synthesis; stimulates cellular division and differentiation
• Liver tissue: increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; decreased glycogenesis
• Adipose tissue: increased lypolysis; decreased lipogenesis

Question 27

Within the thyroid, _________ cells produce TH, which is then stored in __________. _________ cells produce calcitonin.

Answer 27

Within the thyroid Follicular cells produce TH, which is then stored in follicular colloid. Parafollicular cells (C cells) produce calcitonin.

Question 28

Which hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

Answer 28

Catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Bonus question: Which class of hormones are these guys in?

wait for it…..

biogenic amines! along with melatonin and thyroid hormone

Question 29

Which cells produce catecholamines?

Answer 29

Chromaffin cells located within the adrenal medulla

Question 30

Name the 3 distinct layers of the adrenal cortex from outside to inside, as well as which hormones are secreted from each layer.

Answer 30

• Zona glomerulosa: mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
• Zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids (cortisol)
• Zona reticularis: gonadocorticoids (mostly androgens)

Question 31

The zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol) in response to ACTH. Name cortisol’s target organs and resulting effects.

Answer 31

• Liver: increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; decreased glycogenesis
• Adipose tissue: increased lypolysis; decreased lipogenesis
• All cells: stimulates protein catabolism (except in hepatocytes); decreases cellular glucose uptake

*High doses of cortisol results in:

• Increased retention of Na+ and H2O
• Decreased inflammation
• Immune suppression
• Inhibition of CT repair

Question 32

The zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone). Name aldosterone’s target organ and the resulting effects.

Answer 32

Aldosterone is released by the zona glomerulosa in response to angiotensin II, and it acts on the kidney to increase Na+ retention and therefore water retention, which helps to return BP or [Na+] back to normal. Aldosterone provides negative feedback on the kidneys to stop releasing renin.

Question 33

Name the 3 hormones (and their functions) secreted by the ovaries.

Answer 33

• Estrogen (estadiol):
  
  • Secondary sex characteristics
  • Endometrium growth
  • Develop. fetus
• Progesterone:
  
  • nutrient enrichment
  • maintain pregnancy
  • smooth muscle relaxant
• Inhibin:
  
  • selective inhibition of FSH

Question 34

Name the two hormones (and their functions) secreted by the testis.

Answer 34

• Testosterone:
  
  • Secondary sex characteristics
  • sperm development
  • sex organ development
• Inhibin:
  
  • Inhibits FSH secretion

Question 35

The exocrine function of the pancreas is: ______________

The endocrine function of the pancreas is _____________

Answer 35

The exocrine function of the pancreas is producing digestive enzymes.

The endocrine function of the pancreas is producing insulin and glucagon.

Question 36

(alpha/beta) cells produce glucagon, whereas (alpha/beta) cells produce insulin

Answer 36

Alpha cells produce glucagon, whereas beta cells produce insulin.

Question 37

Addisons Disease is a deficient production of _________. What symptoms does this cause?

Answer 37

Addisons disease is a deficient production of cortisol.

Sx include:

Weight gain

Low blood glucose

Chronic fatigue

Muscle weakness

Loss of appetite

Question 38

Cushing’s disease is an excess production of _________ due to a _______ tumor. What symptoms does this cause?

Answer 38

Cushing’s disease is an excess production of cortisol due to a pituitary tumor (produces too much ACTH).

Sx include:

Hyperglycemia

Break down of muscle and bone

Water and salt retention

Redistribution of fat (abdominal fat and buffalo hump)

Proneness to infections and poor healing abilities

Question 39

Cushing’s syndrome refers to excess ________ due to a(n) _________ tumor or over-administration of exogenous glucocorticoids.

Answer 39

Cushing’s syndrome refers to excess cortisol due to an adrenal tumor or over-administration of exogenous glucocorticoids.