Neoplasia

Question 1

Stage 0 is a carcinoma in situ and has a 99% cure rate. Stage I, II, and II the tumor is of moderate size but does not involve ______ ______ and has not _________ .

Answer 1

Lymph nodes, metastasized

Question 2

Stage ____ cancer has spread to distant tissues and organs.

Answer 2

IV or 4

Question 3

Paraneoplastic syndrome:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-like protein is produced in small cell lung carcinoma and pancreatic carcinomas, which results in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_’s syndrome, leading to obesity and “moon face.”

Answer 3

Cushing’s

Question 4

Malignant neoplasm derived from epithelial cells

Answer 4

Carcinoma

Question 5

Paraneoplastic syndrome:

Several carcinomas cause polycythemia, an increase in RBCs, which is promoted by which hormone?

Answer 5

Erythropoietin

Question 6

Disordered growth of epithelium, loss of cellular uniformity, and architectural orientation.
May have increased mitotic figures
May be precursor to malignancy but does not always progress
Can be reversible if inciting agent is removed.
What type of -plasia?

Answer 6

Dysplasia

Question 7

Malignant neoplasm derived from lymphocytes

Answer 7

Lymphoma

Question 8

Malignant neoplasm derived from mesenchymal cells (fat, muscle)

Answer 8

Sarcoma

Question 9

These genes are involved in housekeeping of DNA and fixing mutations.

Answer 9

DNA repair genes

Question 10

These genes help control cell growth, but a loss of function results in uncontrolled cell growth through loss of regulation of division.

Answer 10

Tumor suppressor genes

Question 11

Full thickness dysplasia of the epithelium is called?

Answer 11

Carcinoma in situ (early cancer like breast or colon)

Question 12

Paraneoplastic syndrome side effects can be hormonal. Squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, breast, and kidneys secrete ___________ -like hormone, which results in HYPERCALCEMIA.

Answer 12

Parathyroid

Question 13

What is the difference between Proto-oncogenes and Oncogenes?

Answer 13

Proto are commonly used during normal growth and development

Oncogenes have MADE THE TRANSITION and are capable of producing NEOPLASMS

Question 14

Effects of tumors are often based upon location, such as the brain, but ___________ usually occurs causing loss of body fat and muscle, and fatigue.

Answer 14

Cachexia

Question 15

Re: Carcinogenesis

What 6 things are necessary for a normal cell to change to a malignant cell?

Answer 15

1. Acquire self sufficiency in growth signals and ignore growth inhibitory signals
2. Evade apoptosis
3. Acquire defects in DNA repair
4. Acquire ability to divide an unlimited number of times
5. Promote angiogenesis (growth of new vasculature)
6. Invade surrounding tissue, passing through basement membrane and spreading to distant organs

Question 16

Paraneoplastic syndrome:

Small cell carcinoma of lung and cerebral neoplasm cause _ _ _ _.

Answer 16

SIADH syndrome of inappropriate ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Question 17

These genes regulate scheduled cell death and are affected during carcinogenesis.

Answer 17

Apoptosis genes

Question 18

Benign neoplasm derived from glandular cells.

Answer 18

Adenoma

Question 19

Malignant neoplasm derived from melanocytes

Answer 19

Melanoma

Question 20

What do you call a side effect of tumors not normally associated with the cell type of tumor?

Answer 20

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Question 21

Tumor grade and stage differentiation:
T=?
N=?
M=?

Answer 21

Tumor, Lymph node status, Metastasis

Question 22

Lack of differentiation of cells, losing morphological characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to endothelial cells is called what?

Answer 22

Anaplasia

Question 23

Malignant neoplasm derived from germ cells (egg or sperm)

Answer 23

Germ cell tumor

Question 24

Neoplasms don’t result from one mutation, but rather from the survival of cells with _____________ mutations.

Answer 24

Multiple

Question 25

What are the 4 methods of conversion of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes?

Answer 25

1. Over-expression of the gene
2. Amplification of the gene
3. Point mutation of the gene
4. Translocation of the gene