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HUBS1406 > The respiratory system > Flashcards

The respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen be…

A

Airways 149mmHg
Arteries 90mmHg
Veins 30mmHg

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2
Q

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood?

A

Arteries 40mmHg
Veins 45mmHg

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3
Q

What should the oxygen saturation be in blood?

A

Arteries 100%
Blood 60%

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4
Q

What levels of bicarbonate should be in blood?

A

Arteries 24mEq/L
Veins 22mEq/L

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5
Q

What should the pH of blood be?

A

Arteries 7.4
Veins 7.35

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6
Q

What factors affect the rate and depth of breathing?

A

Chemoreceptors - detect changes in O2, Co2 and H+

Irritant
Stretch of lungs
Propioceptive - muscles and joints

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7
Q

What causes a greater simuliation for breathing than decreased oxygen?

A

Increased Carbon and Hydrogen

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8
Q

What defences do your respitory system have in place?

A

Nasal hairs, mucus layer, cilia, immune cells

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9
Q

What is the FVC

A

Forced vital capacity: This is the total forced amount of air on expiration possible by a person

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10
Q

What is the FEV1

A

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second:
This is the total amount of forced air out of a person’s lungs in the first second.

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11
Q

What should the FEV1 be?

A

It should be 70-80% of the FVC

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12
Q

What is the role of the respiratory system?

A

To transport oxygen and remove carbon dioxide in blood

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13
Q

What is needed for respiration?

A

A gas exchange membrane - diffusion
System of tubes - airways - trachea, bronchi, bronchiols
A bellows system - chest walls and muscles

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14
Q

Where are gases exchanged in the lungs?

A

Aveoli and capillaries

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15
Q

What effects the rate and depth of breathing?

A

levels of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and pH in the blood.
exercise, emotions, and respiratory diseases

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16
Q

What cells releases surfactant?

A

Type II

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17
Q

What holds the lungs open?

A

Negative intrapleural pressure

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18
Q

What is the main muscle used in breathing?

A

Diaphragm

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19
Q

What pulls the lungs back in?

A

Surface tension and elasticity

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20
Q

What reduces surface tension and makes breathing in easier?

A

Surfactant

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21
Q

What happens when the pressure in the pleural space increases?

A

The lungs will collapse

22
Q

What system are the muslces of breathing controlled by?

A

Somatic system

23
Q

What kind of muscles are used for respiration?

Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal

A

Skeletal

24
Q

The central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Carbon and Hydrogen levels in the blood

25
Q

The peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Hydrogen and Oxygen levels in the blood

26
Q

What tissue is lung cancer most likely to arise from?

A

Epithelial

27
Q

Air in the intrapleural space will:

A

Cause the lung to collapse

28
Q

During an asthma attack:

A

ventilation is insufficient to allow enough gas exchange.

29
Q

How does surfactant help to prevent the alveoli from collapsing?

A

It reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid

30
Q

How is most of the carbon dioxide in the blood transported?

A

As bicarbonate ions

31
Q

Nasal breathing is preferred over breathing through the mouth because:

A

it allows warming and moistening of the inhaled air

32
Q

Increasing the rate of breathing will:

A

decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood.

33
Q

Ventilation is:

A

movement of air into and out of the lungs

34
Q

What is the most powerful stimulus for altering the rate and depth of breathing in a healthy person?

A

Carbon dioxide in blood

35
Q

What tissue type forms the alveolar wall through which gas exchange occurs?

A

squamous

36
Q

When the diaphragm contracts the volume of the chest cavity:

A

increases

37
Q

Which of the following is greatest? The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in:

arterial blood
venous blood
inspired air
in arterioles

A
38
Q

What keeps the trachea open?

A

Cartilage

39
Q

Why do most of the particles suspended in air fail to get down into the lungs?

A

Mucous and cilia

40
Q

Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is known as:

A

pulmonary embolism.

41
Q

What do type II penuomcytes produce?

A

Surfactant

42
Q

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is:

A

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

43
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

decreases the surface tension in the aveolar fluid

44
Q

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged at the lungs and at the cells by :

A

diffusion

45
Q

Increasing the rate of breathing will decrease the partial pressure of what in the blood?

A

decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood.

46
Q

What has negative pressure in the lungs?

A

The interpleural space

47
Q

What stops the lungs from collapsing?

A

Surface tension and elasticity

48
Q

Which part of breathing requires relaxation of muscles?

A

Expiration or breathing out

49
Q

Which part of breathing requires contraction of muscles?

A

Inspiration or breathing in

50
Q

If there is an increase of oxygen in the capillaries what happens in the tissues?

A

There is a decrease of oxygen in the tissues

51
Q

How is oxygen transported?

A

It binds to haemoglobin

52
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported?

A

HUBS1406 (12 decks)

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