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HUBS1406 > The renal system; Fluid & electrolyte balance & Acid-base balance > Flashcards

The renal system; Fluid & electrolyte balance & Acid-base balance Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 Functions of the kidneys

A

BED WAVE

  1. Blood Pressue
  2. Electrolyte Balance
  3. Drug Metabolisim
  4. Waste Elimination
  5. Acid Base Balance
  6. Vitamin D
  7. Erythropoesis
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2
Q

How do the kidneys work?

A

Filtering our blood

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3
Q

How much blood does our kidneys filter?

A

125ml/min
180L/day

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4
Q

How much blood do our kidneys receive from the heart?

A

20-25%

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5
Q

What is collected in our urine?

A

Unwanted ions

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6
Q

What forces fluid and solutes of of the the capillaries and into the tubule?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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7
Q

What can go through the filter?

A

Water
Glucose
Ions
Urea
Matabolies

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8
Q

What cannot get through the filter?

A

Plasma proteins and RBC

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9
Q

BUN (blood urea nitrogen) measures what?

A

The amount of nitrogenous wastes in the blood

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10
Q

What hormone does the kidney release and why?

A

If there is an increase in blood volume, the kidney releases renin

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11
Q

Peristaltic waves are

A

waves of contractions that propel contents from one point to another

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12
Q

What causes the gall bladder to contract

A

CCK

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13
Q

If your small intestine is going to get an ulcer, which part of it will?

A

The duodenum

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14
Q

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract along are called

A

segmentation

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15
Q

Severe damage of the liver would result in disrupted digestion of:
Carbs, proteins, starches or lipids?

A

lipids, because the liver produces bile, which emulsifies fats for digestion.

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16
Q

The function of the hepatic portal vein is to

A

carry absorbed nutrients from the gut to the liver for metabolic processing or storage

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17
Q

What is the chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown called?

A

digestion

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18
Q

Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile?

A

CCK

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19
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?

A

amalayse

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20
Q

What enzyme breaks down proteins?

A

Pepsin

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21
Q

What enzyme breaks down lipids?

A

Lipase

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22
Q

What enzye breaks down neuclic acids?

A

Neuclease

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23
Q

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

A

B12

24
Q

The chemical digestion of large complex molecules to simpler molecules is known as:

A

catabolism

25
Q

What is the name of the fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsifying agents and phospholipids?

A

bile

26
Q

When proteins are broken down by deamination, the resulting waste product, excreted in the urine, is usually:

A

urea

27
Q

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the:

A

mouth

28
Q

Protein digestion begins in the:

A

Stomach

29
Q

The word for all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called:

A

metabolism

30
Q

The hormone that stimulates secretion from and contraction of the stomach is:

A

gastrin

31
Q

Which cellular organelle is responsible for producing most of the energy needed by a typical cell?

A

mitochondria

32
Q

Which organ is responsible for removing water from and compacting indigestible materials?

A

Large intestine

33
Q

Which part of the gastrointestinal tract has water absorption as its primary responsibility?

A

Large intestine

34
Q

Products of fat digestion are transported away from the gastrointestinal tract by:

A

lymphatic system

35
Q

What use is the increased surface area of the intestinal villi?

A

Greater area to absorb nutrients

36
Q

Bile is stored in the:

A

gallbladder.

37
Q

Bile is produced in the:

A

liver

38
Q

Bicarbonate rich juice is produced in the:

A

pancreas

39
Q

Digestive enzymes are produced in the:

A

pancreas

40
Q

True or false: The gall bladder produces bile?

A

False, it stores it.

41
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

The liver

42
Q

What processes occur in the mitochondria?

A

Krebs (citric acid) cycle

43
Q

What are the accessory organs in digestion?

A

Liver
Pancreas
Gall bladder

44
Q

Quickly explain the path of food from the mouth to the anus

A

Food enters the mouth, then the oesophagus, then the stomach, then the duodenum, then the jejunum, then the ileum, then the large intestine, then the anus

45
Q

Explain the path of food from the mouth to the anus.
Include anything that is added to it, what triggered it, where it came from and where it enters.

A

The mouth - food is chewed and saliva starts the chemical digestion of carbs with the enzyme amalyase, and lipids with lipase.

The oesophagus - food travels down the oesophagus after swallowing and enters the stomach after passing through the cardiac sphincter.

The stomach - the stomach has a pH of 1-2 which helps to denature protein and begins protein digestion with the enzyme pepsin. The also produces intrinsic factor for absorption of B12. Gastrin is released which stimulates gastric juice production. Food is turned into chyme.

The small intestine - this is where chemical digestion and absorption is done. Chyme then passes through the pyloric sphincter and enters the dudenum. This triggers the release of CCK and secretin.

    CCK - Stimulates the pancreas to release enzymes, the liver to produce bile, the gall bladder to contract so bile can enter.

  SECRETIN - stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarobnate rich juice and stop gastric acid secretion and motility.

Chyme then goes through the jejunum and then the ileum.

The large intestine - this is where water and ions are absorbed by osmosis and food becomes faeces.

The faeces is then passed through the anus.

46
Q

What role does the gall bladder play in digestion?

A

It stores and released bile into the duodenum.

47
Q

What do bile salts do?

A

They emulsify fats and increase the surface area for lipase to digest fats.

48
Q

Where is bile synthesised?

A

In the liver

49
Q

What role does the liver play in digestion?

A

It detoxifies and biotransforms toxins like alcohol and medication.
Stores excess vitamins and minerals.
Turns Glucose into Glycogen and vice versa
Synthesises bile

50
Q

What roles does the pancreas play in digestion?

A

It provides digestive enzymes and bicarbonate juices to the duodenum.

51
Q

What role does the lymphatic system play in digestion?

A

They absorb fats

52
Q

What is SECRETIN a response to?

A

its a response to the pH change from chyme entering the duodenm

53
Q

What is CCK a response to?

A

its a response to carbs, lipids and proteins entering the duodenum

54
Q

What is segmentation contraction?

A

Segmentation mixes and breaks contents down

55
Q

What is peristaltic wave?

A

Peristalsis moves contents along

HUBS1406 (12 decks)

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