Molecules of life Flashcards
What are the four elements that make up about 96% of body matter?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen & nitrogen
Which ion is actually just a single proton?
Hydrogen
In an aqueous solution, cations are attracted to:
anions
A fall in pH is the result of:
a rise in hydrogen ion concentration
If a molecule is hydrophobic, it means that:
it will not mix with water; it doesnt like water
Intracellular and extracellular fluid normally differ in their:
chemical composition
What is the most commonly used solvent?
Water
What is a cation?
A positively charged ion.
AND/OR
An atom with more protons that electrons
What is diffusion?
It is the movement of solutes down its concentration gradient.
AND/OR
It is the movement of solutes from a place of high concentration, to low concentration.
What is a solute?
It is a substance that is going to be dispersed evenly throughout a solvent.
What happens to a cell that is placed into Hypotonic solution?
It will swell or possibly burst.
What happens to a cell that is placed into Hypertonic solution?
It will shrink.
What happens to a cell that is placed into Isotonic solution?
It will remain the same OR nothing will happen.
Normally, in the process of osmosis, the flow of water molecules into or out of the cell depends upon differences in the…
osmolarity inside and outside the cell
Which of the following statements is correct regarding diffusion?
1.The more ATP in the cell, the faster the diffusion rate.
2.The molecular weight of the substance will not affect the rate at which it diffuses.
3.The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion rate.
4.The lower the temperature, the faster the diffusion rate.
3.
The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion rate.
Imagine two chambers separated by a membrane that is freely permeable to water but impermeable to glucose. On one side (Side A), there is a 10% glucose solution and on the other side (Side B) there is pure water. Once an equilibrium has become established, what will the situation be?
There will be more water in side A than in side B
Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell. As a result, you would expect magnesium to form ions with a charge of…
+2
If an atom doesnt contatin a full amount of electrons in its outer shell what happens?
It becomes a cation.
iWhat is a CATION?
It is a positively charged ion.
What is an ANION?
It is a negatively charged ion.
What is normal pH for human blood?
Between 7.35 and 7.45
What pH is associated with a high concentration of HYDROGEN ions?
A low pH eg. pH1
What pH is assocaited with a high concentration of HYDROXIDE ions?
A high pH such as pH14
What does a buffer do?
A buffer minimizes the changes in pH
What holds more water intracellular fluid (ICF)or extracellular fluid (ECF)?
ICF
Intracellular fluid (ICF)or extracellular fluid (ECF) are the same in what way?
Osmolarity
Intracellular fluid (ICF)or extracellular fluid (ECF) are different in what way?
Their chemical composition.
ECF - Sodium (Na+) & Chloride (Cl-)
ICF - Potassium (K+), Magnesium (Mg2+)
Will a element with a full outer shell react?
No
Diffusion will only occur if…
There is a concentration gradient.
What can make diffusion faster?
-Temperature
-Steepness of the concentration gradient.
-
What are the body’s most readily available source of energy?
Carbohydrates
Other than Carbohydrates, where else can the body get energy?
Lipids
What is an element?
An atom.
Which particle of an atom is positively charged?
- isotopes
- neutrons
- protons
- electrons
- Protons
Which particles in of an atom is negatively charged?
- isotopes
- neutrons
- protons
- electrons
- Electrons
Which Particle of an atom has an atomic weight of +1?
Protons
Which Particle of an atom has an atomic weight of -1?
- the neucleus
- neutrons
- protons
- electrons
- Neutrons
What is found in the neucleus of an atom?
Protons and Neutrons
What determins the mass of an atom?
The protons and neutrons
What are the 4 organic macromolecules?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Neucleic Acids
When atoms give an electron away, what kind of bond is this?
An iconic bond.
When atoms share an electron, what kind of bond is this?
A covalent bond.
Molecules that store our genetic information are called what…
Neucleic acids
What is the name of the high-energy compound used to transfer energy around a cell?
Adenosine Triphosphate
OR
ATP
What are enzymes?
A protein
What is an ionic bond?
A bond formed when one atom transfers an electron to another atom.
What is the atomic weight of an atom?
The number of protons + neutrons.
How many electrons can the innermost shell of an atom hold?
2
How many electrons can the 2nd and 3rd shell of an atom hold?
8
What is the atomic number of an atom?
The number of protons it contains.
To calculate the molarity of a solution, you must know the atomic number of the solute.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
To calculate the molarity of a solution, you must know the atomic weight of the solvent.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
A 1 Molar solution contains one mole of solute in 1000 ml of solution.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
What is a polysaccharide?
A long chain of simple sugars
What monomers make up protein?
Amino Acids
What monomers make up carbohydrates?
Saccharides
What monomers make up lipids?
Glyceides & Fatty Acids
If something has a high pH is it acidic or basic?
Basic
The type of bond found in sodium chloride is:
an ionic bond.
The pH of a solution increases as the hydrogen ion concentration decreases.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Which of the following subatomic particles have virtually no mass?
Electrons
Which subatomic particles have a negative charge?
Electrons
Where does the body hold most of its water?
Intrcellular fluid (ICF)or Extracellular fluid(ECF)?
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
What functional protein speeds up or catalyses biochemical reactions in the body?
Enzymes
What are the different types of lipids?
FATS -
OILS -
WAX -
STEROIDS - cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen
What are the momomers of NUCLEIC ACIDS?
Nucleotides
What kind of Carbohydrate is pasta, bread and rice?
Polysaccharides or complex carbs
What do CARBOHYDATES do for the body?
Energy source
What use to LIPDS have in the body?
- Long term energy storage
- Insulation
- Cell membranes
Why are PROTEINS good for your body?
- Making enzymes
- Working
What are the types of neucleic acid?
DNA and RNA
What elements make up Carbohydrates?
C - Carbon
H2 - Hydrogen
O - Oxygen
For every 1 C & O atom, there are 2 Hydrogen atoms.
What elements make up Lipids?
C - Carbon
H - Hydrogen
O - Oxygen
What elements make up Proteins?
C - Carbon
H - Hydrogen
O - Oxygen
N - Nitrogen
and a small amount of S - Sulfur
What elements make up Nucleic Acid?
C - Carbon
H - Hydrogen
O - Oxygen
N - Nitrogen
P - Phosphorus
What are the SIMPLE carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
What are the COMPLEX carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides
What is a DISACCHARIDE?
2 monosaccharides
What is a POLYSACCHARIDE?
A complex carbohydrate.
Long chains of multiple monosaccharides bonded together.
What are some examples of POLYSACCHARIDES?
Cellulose
Starches
Glycogen
What are some examples of DISACCHARIDES?
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Dextrose
What are some examples of DISACCHARIDES?
Sucrose (table sugar), Maltose
Lipids dont like water. What does this mean?
They are Hydrophobic
What is an element?
1 Atom
What do you call more than 1 element?
A compound.
An atom that is stable is also…
- unreactive
- inert
- useless in the body
An atom that is unstable is…
Reactive
OR
Does not have a full outer shell
What will your body always do?
Do the easiest thing.
When is an atom negatively charged?
When it has received electrons.
What is a negatively charged atom called?
An anion
What is a non-polar covalent bond?
An EQUAL share of electrons
What is polar covalent bond?
An UNEQUAL share of electrons
What kind of covalent bond is it when there is an EQUAL share of electrons?
NON-POLAR
What kind of covalent bond is it when there is an UNEQUAL share of electrons?
POLAR
What are the two types of passive transport.
Diffusion and Osmosis
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of a solvent from a high concentration to a low concentration.
What are the two types of active transport?
Primary and Secondary
What is primary transport?
It uses an ATP pump by taking 1 Phosphate and 1 energy to pump the solute into or out of the cell.
What is secondary transport?
When a solute piggy-backs with another solute.
What is active transport?
Transport of a solute from low to high concentration
What is simport?
A type of secondary active transport, in which the solutes are moving in the same direction.
What is the type of secondary transport, in which the solutes are moving in the same direction?
Simport
What is antiport?
A type of secondary active transportation in which a solute moves in the opposite direction to the solute it is piggy-backing.
What type of secondary active transportation involes a solute moving in the opposite direction to the solute it is piggy-backing.
Antiport
What is an “ion”?
An atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons resulting in a negative or positive charge.
TRUE OR FALSE?
Molar concentration refers to the amount of a substance (in moles) per litre of solution.
TRUE
