Cell structures & functions Flashcards
What is the PLASMA MEMBRANE?
It is a semipermiable phospholipid bilayer that allows solute into and out of a cell
What is the MITOCHONDRIA?
This is where energy for a cell is made in the form of ATP.
What is the NUCLEUS?
This holds DNA in the form of chromosomes, which are TRANSCRIBED into RNA.
What is the ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, or ROUGH ER?
This is where protein is made via the ribosomes that are attached to it.
What are RIBOSOMES?
They TRANSLATE the RNA and turn them into amino acids/proteins.
What is the GOLGI APPARATUS?
This send the protein to where it is needed in the body
What is the SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM or SMOOTH ER?
This is where fats are synthesised and the cell is detoxified.
Where would you find a large amount of smooth er?
In the liver.
What are the MICROTUBULES?
They are scaffolding and help to split the cell apart when it wants to make a copy.
What do LYOSOMES do?
This is where enzymes break things down.
What do PEROXISOMES do?
This is where oxygen is used to break things down.
What is the name of the phospholipid bilayer surrounding a cell?
The membrane or plasma membrane
Where is energy made in a cell?
The mitochondria
Where would you find the genetic coding for a cell?
The nucleus
What is the protein factory of a cell?
The rough endoplasmic reticulum or rough er
What part of a cell takes the RNA and turns it into amino acids?
The ribosomes.
Which part of the cell is the “post office” that packages and sends the protiens off?
The Golgi apparatus.
What part of a cell synthesises fats and detoxifies a cell?
The smooth er
SMOOTH - SYNTHESISES
What part of a cell would break things down using enzymes?
The lyosome
Y in lyosome - Y in enzymes
What part of a cell would break things down using oxygen or hyrogen peroxide?
the perioxisome
O in periOxisomes - o in oxygen
What organelle can copy itself?
The mitochondria
What are the 3 main stages of a cell cycle?
IMC
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokenesis
What are the stages of Interphase?
G1, S, G2
What are the stages of mitosis
PMAT
P - Prophase
M - Metaphase
A - Anaphase
T - Telophase
What happens in the prophase part of mitosis?
prophase sets the stage for the subsequent events in mitosis. It involves the condensation of chromatin into distinct chromosomes, breakdown of the nuclear envelope, formation of the mitotic spindle, and attachment of chromosomes to the spindle fibers
What happens in the anaphase part of mitosis?
anaphase is the stage of mitosis when the sister chromatids separate, and the chromosomes are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell, ensuring that each new cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes
What happens in the metaphase part of mitosis?
metaphase is the stage of mitosis where the chromosomes align along the metaphase plate, ensuring their proper distribution to the daughter cells
What happens in the telophase part of mitosis?
Telophase marks the end of mitosis, and it transitions into the subsequent interphase, where the cells prepare for their normal functions or further rounds of division.
What is differentation?
Differentiation refers to the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function
What are stem cells?
undifferentiated cells with the potential to develop into various types of cells
What is active transport?
Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient
What is passive transport?
passive transport does not require energy and follows the concentration gradient
What is bulk transport?
Bulk transport involves the transport of large molecules or particles through endocytosis (cellular uptake) or exocytosis (cellular release)
What leads to the formation of cancer cells?
defects in cell division and differentiation can lead to the formation of cancer cells
What are cancer cells?
less differentiated cells
