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HUBS1406 > Pathogens & immune defence and the nervous system > Flashcards

Pathogens & immune defence and the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of immunoglobulin is IgG

A

G =

SECONDARY RESPONSE
- It is found in bodily fluids
- Can cross the placenta.
- Can activate the complement response.

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2
Q

What kind of immunoglobulin is IgA

A

A = AirwAys

RESPITORY AND GI TRACT
- Secretions/Mucousal linings/Breast Milk

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3
Q

What kind of immunoglobulin is IgM

A

M = Middle

PRIMARY RESPONSE
- Blood and lymph fluid
- Cannot cross the placenta

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4
Q

What kind of immunoglobulin is IgE

A

E = allergiEs

ASTHMA/ANAPHYLAXIS/PARASITIC INFECTIONS
- Mast cells & Basophils - antigen binding triggers histamine release.

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5
Q

What kind of immunoglobulin is IgD

A

D = B

  • Found in small amounts in the Blood and on the surface of mature B-cells
  • B-cell receptor
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6
Q

What are the two types of immune systems?

A

Innate (non-specific)

Adaptive (specific)

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7
Q

What can you immune system do?

A

Identify threats.
Mount an attack.
Eliminate pathogens.
Remember.

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8
Q

What makes up the immune system?

A

Organs
Tissues
Cells
Molecules

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9
Q

What are the physical barriers of defence against pathogens?

A

Skin
Mucous membranes

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10
Q

What are the 4 signs of inflammation?

A

P.R.S.H.

Pain
Reddness
Swelling
Heat

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11
Q

What are the 3 lines of defence against pathogens?

A

Physical Barriers.
Phagocytes.
Lymphocytes.

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12
Q

What cells are the main non-specific defence cells, and what are their major functions?

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Natural killer cells
Dentritic cells

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13
Q

What cells are the main specific defence cells, and what are their major functions?

A

T-cells and B-cells

T-cells TargeT
B-cell secrete antiBodies

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14
Q

Which cells are usually the antigen presenting cells?

A

Dendritic

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15
Q

Briefly explain the innate/non-specific immune response

A

Pathogen enters the body.
Macrophages and neutrophils start to kill the bacteria.
Blood vessles start to let fluid in - this is inflammation, including complement proteins.

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16
Q

Explain the adaptive immune response.

A

The dendritic cell covers itself in bacteria and takes the antigens to the T-cells to get help via the lymphatic system.
The specific T-cells is (SLOWLY) activated by the dendritic cell and begins to replicate.
The first group help the macrophages. The second group activate the B-cells.
The B-cell clones and pumps out antibodies, clumping the bacteria together and allowing the phagocytes to kill the rest.
A few T-cells stay behind and create a memory and guard the tissues.
B-cells continue producing a small amount of antibodies(possibly for life).

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17
Q

What transport network does your immune system use?

A

The lymphatic system

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18
Q

An inflammatory response is triggered when:

A

mast cells release histamine.

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19
Q

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as saliva and tears are:

A

IgA.

20
Q

The ________ division of the nervous system controls the skeletal muscles.

A

somatic

21
Q

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

A

central

22
Q

The autonomic nervous system:

A

controls both actions of the internal viscera and release of secretions from glands

23
Q

Which part of a neuron carries the impulse away from the cell body?

A

axon

24
Q

Types of pathogens that infect humans

A

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi and Parasites

25
Q

Which immunoglobulin can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

26
Q

What is meant by the term antigen

A

Antigen is a molecule that can trigger an immune response.

It is recognized by the immune system as foreign, leading to the production of antibodies or activation of immune cells

27
Q

List the main antimicrobial substances of the body

A
  • Interferons: Proteins that inhibit viral replication and spread.
  • Complement proteins: Enhance immune response and aid in pathogen destruction.
  • Defensins: Small antimicrobial peptides that kill bacteria and fungi.
28
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

introduction of weakened or killed pathogens or their antigens into the body to stimulate an immune response

29
Q

What does a vaccination do?

A

It allows the immune system to recognize and remember the pathogen, providing long-term immunity and protection against future infections

30
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

The nervous system controls and coordinates body functions through electrical and chemical signals

31
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

Brain, spinal cord, peripherial nerves

32
Q

What do dentrites do?

A

They receive the signal from other neurons

33
Q

What does the axon do?

A

transports the signal away from the nerve cell body

34
Q

What do the synaptic terminals do?

A

Transmit the signals to the other neurons or the target cells

35
Q

What is synaptic transmission

A

Synaptic transmission is the process by which signals are transmitted between neurons at synapses, allowing communication in the nervous system

36
Q

What is myelin and what does it do?

A

Myelin is a fatty substance that wraps around axons, speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses

37
Q

What makes up the CNS:

A

The brain and spinal cord

38
Q

What makes up the PNS:

A

The cranial nerves, the spinal nerves and their receptors.
It is made up of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System.

39
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

It is the involuntary functions such as heartbeat, digestion, and glandular activity.

It is also made up of the Sympathetic (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic Systems (rest and restore)

40
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System?

A

It controls the voluntary functions such as sensory perception

41
Q

What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?

A

Sympathise about war!

Fligh or Flight.

42
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

A

Para = Paralysis = Still

Rest and restore

43
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions

44
Q

What are negative feedback loops?

A

Negative feedback loops are regulatory mechanisms that reverse any deviation from the desired state, restoring homeostasis.

45
Q

How does the nervous system help the body maintain homeostasis

A

using signaling via electrical signals. It is the quickest, but shortest way to acheieve homeostasis

46
Q

How does the endocrine system help the body maintain homeostasis

A

using hormones, providing slower but longer lasting regulation

47
Q

How does the endocrine system

A

HUBS1406 (12 decks)

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