Pathogens & immune defence and the nervous system Flashcards
What kind of immunoglobulin is IgG
G =
SECONDARY RESPONSE
- It is found in bodily fluids
- Can cross the placenta.
- Can activate the complement response.
What kind of immunoglobulin is IgA
A = AirwAys
RESPITORY AND GI TRACT
- Secretions/Mucousal linings/Breast Milk
What kind of immunoglobulin is IgM
M = Middle
PRIMARY RESPONSE
- Blood and lymph fluid
- Cannot cross the placenta
What kind of immunoglobulin is IgE
E = allergiEs
ASTHMA/ANAPHYLAXIS/PARASITIC INFECTIONS
- Mast cells & Basophils - antigen binding triggers histamine release.
What kind of immunoglobulin is IgD
D = B
- Found in small amounts in the Blood and on the surface of mature B-cells
- B-cell receptor
What are the two types of immune systems?
Innate (non-specific)
Adaptive (specific)
What can you immune system do?
Identify threats.
Mount an attack.
Eliminate pathogens.
Remember.
What makes up the immune system?
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Molecules
What are the physical barriers of defence against pathogens?
Skin
Mucous membranes
What are the 4 signs of inflammation?
P.R.S.H.
Pain
Reddness
Swelling
Heat
What are the 3 lines of defence against pathogens?
Physical Barriers.
Phagocytes.
Lymphocytes.
What cells are the main non-specific defence cells, and what are their major functions?
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Natural killer cells
Dentritic cells
What cells are the main specific defence cells, and what are their major functions?
T-cells and B-cells
T-cells TargeT
B-cell secrete antiBodies
Which cells are usually the antigen presenting cells?
Dendritic
Briefly explain the innate/non-specific immune response
Pathogen enters the body.
Macrophages and neutrophils start to kill the bacteria.
Blood vessles start to let fluid in - this is inflammation, including complement proteins.
Explain the adaptive immune response.
The dendritic cell covers itself in bacteria and takes the antigens to the T-cells to get help via the lymphatic system.
The specific T-cells is (SLOWLY) activated by the dendritic cell and begins to replicate.
The first group help the macrophages. The second group activate the B-cells.
The B-cell clones and pumps out antibodies, clumping the bacteria together and allowing the phagocytes to kill the rest.
A few T-cells stay behind and create a memory and guard the tissues.
B-cells continue producing a small amount of antibodies(possibly for life).
What transport network does your immune system use?
The lymphatic system
An inflammatory response is triggered when:
mast cells release histamine.
Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as saliva and tears are:
IgA.
The ________ division of the nervous system controls the skeletal muscles.
somatic
The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
central
The autonomic nervous system:
controls both actions of the internal viscera and release of secretions from glands
Which part of a neuron carries the impulse away from the cell body?
axon
Types of pathogens that infect humans
Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi and Parasites
Which immunoglobulin can cross the placenta?
IgG
What is meant by the term antigen
Antigen is a molecule that can trigger an immune response.
It is recognized by the immune system as foreign, leading to the production of antibodies or activation of immune cells
List the main antimicrobial substances of the body
- Interferons: Proteins that inhibit viral replication and spread.
- Complement proteins: Enhance immune response and aid in pathogen destruction.
- Defensins: Small antimicrobial peptides that kill bacteria and fungi.
What is a vaccination?
introduction of weakened or killed pathogens or their antigens into the body to stimulate an immune response
What does a vaccination do?
It allows the immune system to recognize and remember the pathogen, providing long-term immunity and protection against future infections
What does the nervous system do?
The nervous system controls and coordinates body functions through electrical and chemical signals
What does the nervous system consist of?
Brain, spinal cord, peripherial nerves
What do dentrites do?
They receive the signal from other neurons
What does the axon do?
transports the signal away from the nerve cell body
What do the synaptic terminals do?
Transmit the signals to the other neurons or the target cells
What is synaptic transmission
Synaptic transmission is the process by which signals are transmitted between neurons at synapses, allowing communication in the nervous system
What is myelin and what does it do?
Myelin is a fatty substance that wraps around axons, speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses
What makes up the CNS:
The brain and spinal cord
What makes up the PNS:
The cranial nerves, the spinal nerves and their receptors.
It is made up of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System.
What is the Autonomic Nervous System?
It is the involuntary functions such as heartbeat, digestion, and glandular activity.
It is also made up of the Sympathetic (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic Systems (rest and restore)
What is the Somatic Nervous System?
It controls the voluntary functions such as sensory perception
What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?
Sympathise about war!
Fligh or Flight.
What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
Para = Paralysis = Still
Rest and restore
What is homeostasis
Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions
What are negative feedback loops?
Negative feedback loops are regulatory mechanisms that reverse any deviation from the desired state, restoring homeostasis.
How does the nervous system help the body maintain homeostasis
using signaling via electrical signals. It is the quickest, but shortest way to acheieve homeostasis
How does the endocrine system help the body maintain homeostasis
using hormones, providing slower but longer lasting regulation
How does the endocrine system
