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HUBS1406 > Reproduction & development > Flashcards

Reproduction & development Flashcards

1
Q

The cells that produce testosterone in the testes are called:

A

interstitial cells (Leydig)

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2
Q

Which hormone causes ovulation to occur?

A

Luteinising hormone (LH)

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3
Q

Interstitial (Leydig) cells in the testes produce:

A

testosterone

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4
Q

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst will:

A

form the embryo

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5
Q

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle:

A

progesterone levels are at their highest

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6
Q

The cells of developing ovarian follicles secrete:

A

oestrogen.

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7
Q

Foetal growth is supported by nutrients from the mother by:

A

close proximity of maternal and foetal blood in the placental structures

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8
Q

Pressure on the cervix late in pregnancy causes an increase in the blood levels of:

A

oxytocin

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9
Q

The placenta is a vitally important metabolic organ which is made up of contributions from the mother and the foetus. Which portion is from the foetus?

A

Chorion

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10
Q

The surge in luteinising hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle:

A

triggers ovulation; is triggered by extremely high levels of oestrogen; & causes the formation of the corpus luteum

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11
Q

A study of the effects of prolonged periods of driving on sperm count in men found that driving for several hours per day was associated with a higher incidence of low sperm count and infertility. Which of the following factors would be most likely to be involved in this effect?

A

The temperature of the scrotum might be increased during driving, inhibiting sperm production.

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12
Q

During her pregnancy, Miranda’s blood glucose levels have been higher then normal. Miranda is worried that this means she has developed diabetes which will need treatment for now on. Which of the following explanations is most likely?

A

The increased blood glucose level is normal during pregnancy, and occurs as a result of an increased cortisol level.

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13
Q

Describe the ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase,
ovulation,
luteal phase

Follicular phase (development of follicles in the ovary), ovulation (release of egg), luteal phase (formation of corpus luteum)

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14
Q

Describe the Uterine cycle

A

Menstrual phase,
proliferative phase,
secretory phase

Menstrual phase (shedding of uterine lining), proliferative phase (rebuilding of uterine lining), secretory phase (preparation of uterus for embryo implantation)

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15
Q

What are the breasts made up of?

A

The breast consists of glandular tissue, ducts, and fatty tissue

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16
Q

Briefly describe the process of sperm production in the testes

A

Occurs in the seminiferous tubules. Immature sperm cells undergo mitotic division (spermatogonia), followed by meiotic division (spermatocytes), and differentiation into sperm cells (spermatids). Sperm cells are then released into the epididymis for maturation.

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17
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A

The semiiferous tubles

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18
Q

Where are sperm released into for maturation?

A

The epididymis

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19
Q

What secretions are passed to the semen along the route to ejaculation?

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands contribute fluids to semen.

These fluids provide nourishment, buffer acidic environments, and enhance sperm motility

20
Q

What are the main developmental processes that occur during the three trimesters of pregnancy

A

Fertilization, Implantation, and Embryo and foetal development

Further development of organs and systems

Organs become functional, growth and deposition of adipose tissue

21
Q

Main events in the first trimester

A

Cleavage - Cell division following fertilization

Implantation - Attachment of the blasocyst to endometrium

Placentation - Formation of placenta

Embryogenesis - Formation of embryo

22
Q

How much does the mothers cardiac output change during pregnancy?

A

30 -50%

23
Q

How much does the mothers plasma volume increase by during pregnancy?

A

50%

Erythropoesis by 25%

24
Q

What feedback loop is used in labour?

A

Positive feedback

25
Q

What hormones are released to initiate labour (parturition)

A

Oestrogen and oxytocin

26
Q

What are the 3 stages of labour?

A

Dilation, Expulsion and Placental

27
Q

What hormones are released for control of lacatation?

A

Prolactin and Oxytocin

28
Q

What are some of the main causes of female infertility?

A

ovulation disorders, fallopian tube blockage, or problems with the uterus or cervix

29
Q

What are some of the main causes of male infertility?

A

low sperm count, abnormal sperm function, or blockages in the reproductive tract

30
Q

What is IVF?

A

in vitro fertilization

involves fertilizing eggs outside the body and transferring embryos to the uterus

31
Q

What is ICSI?

A

intracytoplasmic sperm injection

involves injecting a single sperm into an egg

32
Q

What is ovulation and what hormones are involved?

A

Ovulation is the release of a mature egg from the ovary after a surge of LH from the pituitary gland.
This is triggered by high levels of oestrogen.

33
Q

How long does the corpus leutum survive?

A

14 days

34
Q

What stops the corpus leutum from degenerating?

A

Progesterone which is supplied by the corpus leutum due to the release of hCG by the embryo

35
Q

What forms the placenta?

A

Both maternal and foetal tissues

36
Q

How long does it take the placenta to develp?

A

12 weeks

37
Q

What are teratogens and why are they a problem

A

Teratogens are substances or factors that can cause abnormalities or malformations in the developing foetus and can increase the risk of birth defects or pregnancy complications.

Examples of teratogens are: certain medications, alcohol, drugs, infections, or radiation

38
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Maintains the lining of the uterus
Inhibits FSH/LH/GnRH
Provides secretions from the the lining

39
Q

What stimulates the growth of the corpus luteum

A

LH

40
Q

What signals the production of LH?

A

GnRH as well as a surge of oestrogen mid cycle

41
Q

What signals the release of GnRh

A

Low progesterone levels

42
Q

What hormones are released by the placenta?

A

hCG
Progesterone
Oestrogen
Relaxin

43
Q

What hormones are released by the corpus luteum?

A

Progesterone
Oestrogen
Relaxin

44
Q

What hormones are released by the Posterior Piuitary?

A

Oxytocin

45
Q

What hormones are released by the Hypothalamus?

A

GnRH

46
Q

What hormones are released by the Anterior Pituitary?

A

Prolactin

GH - FSH and LH

HUBS1406 (12 decks)

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