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A level P.E Year 1 > The respiratory system 1.2 > Flashcards

The respiratory system 1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is partial pressure

A

The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases

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2
Q

What is diffusion

A

The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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3
Q

What is concentration gradient

A

The steeper the gradient the faster the diffusion occurs

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4
Q

what is gaseous exchange

A

the physical process by which gases move passively by diffusion across a surface.

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5
Q

What is external respiration

A

the process of respiration where gases are exchanged between the lungs and the environment

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6
Q

What is internal respiration

A

the process of diffusing oxygen from the blood, into the interstitial fluid and into the cells

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7
Q

Name the 2 respiration structures found on the head

A
  • Nostril

- Mouth

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8
Q

Name the 5 respiration structures found in the throat

A
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • epiglottis
  • esophagus
  • trachea
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9
Q

Name the 5 structures inside the lung

A
  • Bronchus
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
  • Pleura double membrane
  • fluid double membrane
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10
Q

Name the 4 structures outside the lung

A
  • Inter coastal muscles
  • muscular diaphragm
  • space for the heart
  • ribs
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11
Q

3 features that increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange in the alveoli

A
  • Single-cell layer of thin epithelial cells
  • moist lining of water
  • extensive network of capillaries
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12
Q

How does having a single-cell layer of thin epithelial cells aid in gaseous exchange

A

shorter distance for diffusion to take place

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13
Q

How does having a moist lining of water aid in gaseous exchange

A

Helps dissolve and exchange O2 faster

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14
Q

How does having an extensive network of capillaries aid in gaseous exchange

A

large surface area for gas exchange to take place

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15
Q

3 features that increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange in the capillaries

A
  • One cell thick
  • Large surface area
  • narrow diameter
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16
Q

How does the capillary being 1 cell thick aid in gaseous exchange

A

shorter distance for diffusion

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17
Q

How does the capillary having a large surface area aid in gaseous exchange

A

bigger contact area and more opportunity for diffusion to take place

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18
Q

How does the capillary having a narrow diameter aid in gaseous exchange

A

Slow passage of red blood cells as they’re in single file

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19
Q

What are the effects of carbon monoxide when smoking

A

carbon monoxide attaches to hemoglobin in the blood more easily than oxygen does so they blood carries less O2

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20
Q

How does smoking effect the alveoli and lung function

A

Alveoli’s walls become damaged and their walls break down leaving larger air sacs reducing the SA

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21
Q

How does smoking affect the trachea, bronchi and cilia

A

it damages the cell lining of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. cilia are damaged leading to excess mucus

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22
Q

How does smoking affect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

Smoking increases the risk of developing these respiratory diseases

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23
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Volume of air breathing in or out per breath

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24
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

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25
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

26
Q

What is residual volume

A

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration

27
Q

What is minute ventilation

A

Volume of air breathed in or out from the lungs per minute

28
Q

What is vital capacity

A

Te maximum volume of air that can be breathed out after breathing in as much as possible

29
Q

What is total lung capacity

A

The total volume of air the lungs can hold

30
Q

What is gaseous exchange

A

The movement of O2 from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide into the air

31
Q

Where does internal respiration take place

A

At the muscles and tissues

32
Q

Where does external respiration take place

A

At the alveoli

33
Q

What are stretch receptors

A

prevent over inflammation of the lungs

34
Q

How do stretch receptors prevent over inflammation of the lungs

A

Send impulses to the expiratory center

35
Q

Where is the respiratory control centre located

A

Medulla oblongata

36
Q

What does the respiratory control centre control

A

Rate and depth of breathing

37
Q

What are the 2 main areas of the respiratory control centre

A

Inspiratory centre

expiratory centre

38
Q

What do proprioceptors detect

A

Increase in muscle movement and send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase the breathing rate

39
Q

What do baroreceptors detect

A

Decrease in blood pressure and send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase breathing rate

40
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect

A

Increase in blood acidity and send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase breathing rate

41
Q

What nerve does the inspiratory centre use

A

Phrenic nerve

42
Q

What nerve does the expiratory centre use

A

Intercostal nerve

43
Q

What muscles does the inspiratory centre use

A
  • Diaphragm
  • external intercostal muscles
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • scalene
  • pectoralis major
44
Q

What muscles does the expiratory centre use

A
  • Abdominals

- internal intercostal muscles

45
Q

How many mm-Hg’s of O2 leaves the alveolil

A

100

46
Q

How many mm-Hg’s of O2 enters the muscle cells

A

5

47
Q

How many mm-Hg’s of O2 are in the blood stream

A

40

48
Q

How many mm-Hg’s of CO2 leaves the muscle cell

A

more than 40

49
Q

How many mm-Hg’s of CO2 enter the alveoli

A

40

50
Q

How many mm-Hg’s of CO2 are in the blood stream at the alveoli

A

46

51
Q

How many mm-Hg’s of CO2 are in the blood stream at the muscle cell

A

40

52
Q

At rest which muscles are used to inhale and exhale

A
  • External intercostal muscles

- diaphragm

53
Q

Mechanics of breathing

Inspiration at rest

A

1) External intercostal muscles contract
2) Rib cage moves up and out
3) diaphragm contracts and flattens
4) thoracic cavity increases
5) pressure decreases
6) air sucked down windpipe into lungs

54
Q

Mechanics of breathing

expiration at rest

A

1) External intercostal muscles relax
2) rib-cage lowers
3) diaphragm relaxes and bulges up
4) thoracic cavity decreases
5) pressure increases
6) air pushed out of lungs and up the windpipe

55
Q

Mechanics of breathing

Inspiration during exercise

A

1) Ext IC, sterno, scalene pectoral major contract
2) Rib cage moves up and out
3) diaphragm contracts and flattens
4) thoracic cavity increases
5) pressure decreases
6) air sucked down the windpipe into lungs

56
Q

Mechanics of breathing

expiration during exercise

A

1) Internal intercostal muscles, abdominals contract
2) ribcage lowers
3) diaphragm relaxes and bulges up
4) thoracic cavity decreases
5) pressure increases
6) air pushed out of lungs and up the windpipe

57
Q

Muscles used during inspiration at exercise

A 
External intercostal muscles
diaphragm
sternocleiodmastoid
scalene
pectoralis major
58
Q

Muscles used during inspiration at rest

A

External intercostal

diaphragm

59
Q

Muscles used during expiration at exercise

A

Abdominals

internal intercostals

60
Q

Muscles used during expiration at rest

A

External intercostals

diaphragm

A level P.E Year 1 (31 decks)

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