The respiratory system 1.2

Question 1

What is partial pressure

Answer 1

The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases

Question 2

What is diffusion

Answer 2

The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 3

What is concentration gradient

Answer 3

The steeper the gradient the faster the diffusion occurs

Question 4

what is gaseous exchange

Answer 4

the physical process by which gases move passively by diffusion across a surface.

Question 5

What is external respiration

Answer 5

the process of respiration where gases are exchanged between the lungs and the environment

Question 6

What is internal respiration

Answer 6

the process of diffusing oxygen from the blood, into the interstitial fluid and into the cells

Question 7

Name the 2 respiration structures found on the head

Answer 7

• Nostril

- Mouth

Question 8

Name the 5 respiration structures found in the throat

Answer 8

• Pharynx
• Larynx
• epiglottis
• esophagus
• trachea

Question 9

Name the 5 structures inside the lung

Answer 9

• Bronchus
• bronchioles
• alveoli
• Pleura double membrane
• fluid double membrane

Question 10

Name the 4 structures outside the lung

Answer 10

• Inter coastal muscles
• muscular diaphragm
• space for the heart
• ribs

Question 11

3 features that increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange in the alveoli

Answer 11

• Single-cell layer of thin epithelial cells
• moist lining of water
• extensive network of capillaries

Question 12

How does having a single-cell layer of thin epithelial cells aid in gaseous exchange

Answer 12

shorter distance for diffusion to take place

Question 13

How does having a moist lining of water aid in gaseous exchange

Answer 13

Helps dissolve and exchange O2 faster

Question 14

How does having an extensive network of capillaries aid in gaseous exchange

Answer 14

large surface area for gas exchange to take place

Question 15

3 features that increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange in the capillaries

Answer 15

• One cell thick
• Large surface area
• narrow diameter

Question 16

How does the capillary being 1 cell thick aid in gaseous exchange

Answer 16

shorter distance for diffusion

Question 17

How does the capillary having a large surface area aid in gaseous exchange

Answer 17

bigger contact area and more opportunity for diffusion to take place

Question 18

How does the capillary having a narrow diameter aid in gaseous exchange

Answer 18

Slow passage of red blood cells as they’re in single file

Question 19

What are the effects of carbon monoxide when smoking

Answer 19

carbon monoxide attaches to hemoglobin in the blood more easily than oxygen does so they blood carries less O2

Question 20

How does smoking effect the alveoli and lung function

Answer 20

Alveoli’s walls become damaged and their walls break down leaving larger air sacs reducing the SA

Question 21

How does smoking affect the trachea, bronchi and cilia

Answer 21

it damages the cell lining of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. cilia are damaged leading to excess mucus

Question 22

How does smoking affect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Answer 22

Smoking increases the risk of developing these respiratory diseases

Question 23

What is tidal volume

Answer 23

Volume of air breathing in or out per breath

Question 24

What is inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 24

Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

Question 25

What is expiratory reserve volume

Answer 25

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

Question 26

What is residual volume

Answer 26

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration

Question 27

What is minute ventilation

Answer 27

Volume of air breathed in or out from the lungs per minute

Question 28

What is vital capacity

Answer 28

Te maximum volume of air that can be breathed out after breathing in as much as possible

Question 29

What is total lung capacity

Answer 29

The total volume of air the lungs can hold

Question 30

What is gaseous exchange

Answer 30

The movement of O2 from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide into the air

Question 31

Where does internal respiration take place

Answer 31

At the muscles and tissues

Question 32

Where does external respiration take place

Answer 32

At the alveoli

Question 33

What are stretch receptors

Answer 33

prevent over inflammation of the lungs

Question 34

How do stretch receptors prevent over inflammation of the lungs

Answer 34

Send impulses to the expiratory center

Question 35

Where is the respiratory control centre located

Answer 35

Medulla oblongata

Question 36

What does the respiratory control centre control

Answer 36

Rate and depth of breathing

Question 37

What are the 2 main areas of the respiratory control centre

Answer 37

Inspiratory centre | expiratory centre

Question 38

What do proprioceptors detect

Answer 38

Increase in muscle movement and send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase the breathing rate

Question 39

What do baroreceptors detect

Answer 39

Decrease in blood pressure and send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase breathing rate

Question 40

What do chemoreceptors detect

Answer 40

Increase in blood acidity and send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase breathing rate

Question 41

What nerve does the inspiratory centre use

Answer 41

Phrenic nerve

Question 42

What nerve does the expiratory centre use

Answer 42

Intercostal nerve

Question 43

What muscles does the inspiratory centre use

Answer 43

- Diaphragm - external intercostal muscles - Sternocleidomastoid - scalene - pectoralis major

Question 44

What muscles does the expiratory centre use

Answer 44

- Abdominals | - internal intercostal muscles

Question 45

How many mm-Hg's of O2 leaves the alveolil

Answer 45

100

Question 46

How many mm-Hg's of O2 enters the muscle cells

Answer 46

5

Question 47

How many mm-Hg's of O2 are in the blood stream

Answer 47

40

Question 48

How many mm-Hg's of CO2 leaves the muscle cell

Answer 48

more than 40

Question 49

How many mm-Hg's of CO2 enter the alveoli

Answer 49

40

Question 50

How many mm-Hg's of CO2 are in the blood stream at the alveoli

Answer 50

46

Question 51

How many mm-Hg's of CO2 are in the blood stream at the muscle cell

Answer 51

40

Question 52

At rest which muscles are used to inhale and exhale

Answer 52

- External intercostal muscles | - diaphragm

Question 53

Mechanics of breathing | Inspiration at rest

Answer 53

1) External intercostal muscles contract 2) Rib cage moves up and out 3) diaphragm contracts and flattens 4) thoracic cavity increases 5) pressure decreases 6) air sucked down windpipe into lungs

Question 54

Mechanics of breathing | expiration at rest

Answer 54

1) External intercostal muscles relax 2) rib-cage lowers 3) diaphragm relaxes and bulges up 4) thoracic cavity decreases 5) pressure increases 6) air pushed out of lungs and up the windpipe

Question 55

Mechanics of breathing | Inspiration during exercise

Answer 55

1) Ext IC, sterno, scalene pectoral major contract 2) Rib cage moves up and out 3) diaphragm contracts and flattens 4) thoracic cavity increases 5) pressure decreases 6) air sucked down the windpipe into lungs

Question 56

Mechanics of breathing | expiration during exercise

Answer 56

1) Internal intercostal muscles, abdominals contract 2) ribcage lowers 3) diaphragm relaxes and bulges up 4) thoracic cavity decreases 5) pressure increases 6) air pushed out of lungs and up the windpipe

Question 57

Muscles used during inspiration at exercise

Answer 57

``` External intercostal muscles diaphragm sternocleiodmastoid scalene pectoralis major ```

Question 58

Muscles used during inspiration at rest

Answer 58

External intercostal | diaphragm

Question 59

Muscles used during expiration at exercise

Answer 59

Abdominals | internal intercostals

Question 60

Muscles used during expiration at rest

Answer 60

External intercostals | diaphragm