The respiratory system 1.2 Flashcards
What is partial pressure
The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases
What is diffusion
The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration
What is concentration gradient
The steeper the gradient the faster the diffusion occurs
what is gaseous exchange
the physical process by which gases move passively by diffusion across a surface.
What is external respiration
the process of respiration where gases are exchanged between the lungs and the environment
What is internal respiration
the process of diffusing oxygen from the blood, into the interstitial fluid and into the cells
Name the 2 respiration structures found on the head
- Nostril
- Mouth
Name the 5 respiration structures found in the throat
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- epiglottis
- esophagus
- trachea
Name the 5 structures inside the lung
- Bronchus
- bronchioles
- alveoli
- Pleura double membrane
- fluid double membrane
Name the 4 structures outside the lung
- Inter coastal muscles
- muscular diaphragm
- space for the heart
- ribs
3 features that increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange in the alveoli
- Single-cell layer of thin epithelial cells
- moist lining of water
- extensive network of capillaries
How does having a single-cell layer of thin epithelial cells aid in gaseous exchange
shorter distance for diffusion to take place
How does having a moist lining of water aid in gaseous exchange
Helps dissolve and exchange O2 faster
How does having an extensive network of capillaries aid in gaseous exchange
large surface area for gas exchange to take place
3 features that increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange in the capillaries
- One cell thick
- Large surface area
- narrow diameter
How does the capillary being 1 cell thick aid in gaseous exchange
shorter distance for diffusion
How does the capillary having a large surface area aid in gaseous exchange
bigger contact area and more opportunity for diffusion to take place
How does the capillary having a narrow diameter aid in gaseous exchange
Slow passage of red blood cells as they’re in single file
What are the effects of carbon monoxide when smoking
carbon monoxide attaches to hemoglobin in the blood more easily than oxygen does so they blood carries less O2
How does smoking effect the alveoli and lung function
Alveoli’s walls become damaged and their walls break down leaving larger air sacs reducing the SA
How does smoking affect the trachea, bronchi and cilia
it damages the cell lining of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. cilia are damaged leading to excess mucus
How does smoking affect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Smoking increases the risk of developing these respiratory diseases
What is tidal volume
Volume of air breathing in or out per breath
What is inspiratory reserve volume
Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath
What is expiratory reserve volume
Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath
What is residual volume
Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration
What is minute ventilation
Volume of air breathed in or out from the lungs per minute
What is vital capacity
Te maximum volume of air that can be breathed out after breathing in as much as possible
What is total lung capacity
The total volume of air the lungs can hold
What is gaseous exchange
The movement of O2 from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide into the air
Where does internal respiration take place
At the muscles and tissues
Where does external respiration take place
At the alveoli
What are stretch receptors
prevent over inflammation of the lungs
How do stretch receptors prevent over inflammation of the lungs
Send impulses to the expiratory center
Where is the respiratory control centre located
Medulla oblongata
What does the respiratory control centre control
Rate and depth of breathing
What are the 2 main areas of the respiratory control centre
Inspiratory centre
expiratory centre
What do proprioceptors detect
Increase in muscle movement and send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase the breathing rate
What do baroreceptors detect
Decrease in blood pressure and send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase breathing rate
What do chemoreceptors detect
Increase in blood acidity and send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase breathing rate
What nerve does the inspiratory centre use
Phrenic nerve
What nerve does the expiratory centre use
Intercostal nerve
What muscles does the inspiratory centre use
- Diaphragm
- external intercostal muscles
- Sternocleidomastoid
- scalene
- pectoralis major
What muscles does the expiratory centre use
- Abdominals
- internal intercostal muscles
How many mm-Hg’s of O2 leaves the alveolil
100
How many mm-Hg’s of O2 enters the muscle cells
5
How many mm-Hg’s of O2 are in the blood stream
40
How many mm-Hg’s of CO2 leaves the muscle cell
more than 40
How many mm-Hg’s of CO2 enter the alveoli
40
How many mm-Hg’s of CO2 are in the blood stream at the alveoli
46
How many mm-Hg’s of CO2 are in the blood stream at the muscle cell
40
At rest which muscles are used to inhale and exhale
- External intercostal muscles
- diaphragm
Mechanics of breathing
Inspiration at rest
1) External intercostal muscles contract
2) Rib cage moves up and out
3) diaphragm contracts and flattens
4) thoracic cavity increases
5) pressure decreases
6) air sucked down windpipe into lungs
Mechanics of breathing
expiration at rest
1) External intercostal muscles relax
2) rib-cage lowers
3) diaphragm relaxes and bulges up
4) thoracic cavity decreases
5) pressure increases
6) air pushed out of lungs and up the windpipe
Mechanics of breathing
Inspiration during exercise
1) Ext IC, sterno, scalene pectoral major contract
2) Rib cage moves up and out
3) diaphragm contracts and flattens
4) thoracic cavity increases
5) pressure decreases
6) air sucked down the windpipe into lungs
Mechanics of breathing
expiration during exercise
1) Internal intercostal muscles, abdominals contract
2) ribcage lowers
3) diaphragm relaxes and bulges up
4) thoracic cavity decreases
5) pressure increases
6) air pushed out of lungs and up the windpipe
Muscles used during inspiration at exercise
External intercostal muscles diaphragm sternocleiodmastoid scalene pectoralis major
Muscles used during inspiration at rest
External intercostal
diaphragm
Muscles used during expiration at exercise
Abdominals
internal intercostals
Muscles used during expiration at rest
External intercostals
diaphragm
