Psychological influences on the individual 6.1 Flashcards
Simple definition of attitudes
It’s what you think about something
sporting definition of attitudes
A value aimed at an attitude object
5 reasons why attitudes are formed
- Socialisation
- behaviour is reinforced or repeated
- praise
- Reinforcement
- can be negative
What are the 3 attitude components
Cognitive
Behavioural
affective
What’s an easy way to remember the 3 attitudes components
- C
- A
- B
What is the cognitive part of your attitude
You’re beliefs
Sporting example of a cognitive attitude
Belief in the ability to win a game or competition
What is the affective part of your attitude
Feelings and emotions of the individual and how these feelings are interpreted.
Sporting example of affective attitude
It’s hard work but I enjoyed it
What is the behavioural part of your attitude
What you do
Sporting example of behavioural attitude
individual attends training and competes regularly
What 3 things does persuasive communication rely on
- The messenger
- the recipient
- the message
What about the messenger makes them persuasive
are they believable/held in high enough esteem
What about the recipient makes the message persuasive
are they ready to receive the message
What about the message makes it persuasive
is it something believable
What is arousal
The state of general preparedness of the body for action, involving physiological and psychological factors
What is physiological also know as (arousal)
Somatic
What is psychological also known as (Arousal)
Cognative
What are 7 somatic affects of arousal
- Increased HR
- Increased breathing rate
- Sweating
- Dry mouth
- Nausea
- Increased muscle tension
- Butterflies
What are 7 Cognitive affects of arousal
- Increased focus and concentration
- Narrowing of attention
- Anxiety
- Negative self talk
- Insomnia
- Fear and anger
- Decreased reaction time
What are the 3 theories of arousal
Drive theory
Catastrophe theory
Inverted U theory
What is the equation for the drive thoery
P= f (D X H)
Performance is function of Drive X Habit
Who came up with the drive theory
Hull in 1943
What does the Drive theory state
Increased motivation causes increased drive
If we have a higher Drive why will that increase our performance levels
More effort will be put into the performance
How does performance increase as arousal increases in the drive theory
In a linear function
What is the inverted U theory
Arousal levels have an optimum and if it’s over or under the performance won’t be as good
Which level of performer can cope with the least amount of arousal
Cognitive
Which level of performer can cope with the most amount of arousal
Autonomous
Which personality type will have a lower level of arousal
Introvert
Which personality type will have a higher level of arousal
Extrovert
What’s the difference between the inverted U theory and the catastrophe theory
Instead of performance gradually decreasing as arousal levels get to high there is a dramatic drop in performance
What does the catastrophe theory Propose
Performance is affected by the relationship between cognitive and somatic anxiety
Can you process more or less information at a high arousal level
less
Why do you process less information when at a high arousal level
So they can require a lower level of arousal to execute a complex skill
Does a simple skill need more or less decision making
Less
Can a simple skill be executed well at high arousal levels
Yes
What is somatic anxiety
Physiological anxiety
What is cognitive anxiety
Psychological anxiety
In the catastrophe theory What happens after arousal peaks at optimum
Performance slumps (drops straight down)
How does a player regain control after arousal levels slump
By reducing anxiety arousal and performance
When can the performer recover from the drop in anxiety
If the initial cause of anxiety is mild and the performer has the time ton recover
What does somatic anxiety cause
- Muscular tension
- increased heart rate
What does cognitive anxiety cause
- Loss of concentration
- worries about performance
How can performers find their zone of optimal performance
- Mental practice
- relaxation
- visualisation
- positive self-talk
