Skill characteristics and their impact on transfer and practice 2.1 Flashcards
What is a skill
A learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of time and energy
What does ACEFACE stand for
Aesthetically pleasing Consistent Efficient Fluent Accurate Controlled Economical
What does “ACEFACE” describe
The characteristics of a skill
When is an “open skill” performed
When the sporting environment is unpredictable
What is an example of an “open skill”
A pitch sport, a pass in football
What does the unpredictable environment refer to
The changing in positions of your team mates and opponents
When is a “closed skill” performed
When the sporting environment is predictable
What is an example of a “closed skill”
A throwing sport or routine sports
What does a predictable environment refer to
Performer can repeat actions consistently and few decisions have to be made
What is a “Gross skill”
A skill that uses large muscle movements
What is an example of a “Gross skill”
A rugby tackle
What muscles are used in a rugby tackle
leg muscles shoulder muscles
What is a “Fine skill”
A skill that uses small muscle groups
What is an example of a “Fine skill”
returning a shot in table tennis
What is a “self-paced skill”
When a performer controls the start and the speed of the skill
What is an example of a “self-paced skill”
serving in a tennis match
What is an “externally paced skill”
The performer has no control over when to start the skill
What is an example of an “externally paced skill”
The sailor reacting to the speed of the wind and the flow of the current
What is a “discrete skill”
The skill has a clear beginning and end
What is an example of a “discrete skill”
A tennis serve
What is a “continuous skill”
There’s not clear beginning or end
What is an example of a “continuous skill”
Pedalling in cycling
What is a “serial skill”
A skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement
What is an example of a “serial skill”
Gymnastics routine
What is a “low organisation skill”
A skill that is easily broken into parts
What is an example of a “low organisation skill”
Swimming stroke
What is a high “organisation skill”
A skill that isn’t easily broken into parts
What is an example of a “high organisation skill”
A volley in football
What is a “simple skill”
A skill that requires few decisions when being performed
What is an example of a “simple skill”
A forward roll in gymnastics
What is a “complex skill”
A skill that requires decision making using lots of info when performed
What is an example of a “complex skill”
Dribbling in hockey
What is “positive transfer”
When the learning of one skill helps learning of another
What is an example of “positive transfer”
Basketball pass - netball pass
overarm volley in volleyball - tennis serve
What is “negative transfer”
When the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
What is an example of “negative transfer”
arm action of a tennis serve - wrist action of a badminton serve
What is “zero transfer”
When the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another
What is an example of “zero transfer”
Swimming arm action - foot placement in rock climbing
What is “bilateral transfer”
When the skill is passed across the body from limb to limb
How can you encourage “positive transfer”
Make the training more realistic,
How can you make training more realistic for “positive transfer”
Instead of using equipment use real people
What is “whole practice”
Practising the skill in its entirety
What “practice” would the coach use when the skill is ballistic and discrete
Whole practice
What “practice” would the coach use when the skill is highly organised
Whole practice
What “practice” would the coach use when the skill is simple
Whole practice
What “practice” would the coach use when the performer is at the autonomous stage
Whole practice
What “practice” would the coach use when the kinaesthesis of the task is required
Whole practice
What is an example of a whole practice skill
The swing of a golf club
Name 3 advantages of using Whole practice
- creates specific images
- more realistic than part practice
- Makes the skill consistent
Name 3 disadvantages of using whole practice
- Fatigue
- Info overload
- Task could be difficult to break down
How is creating specific images an advantage of whole practice
stored as a motor programme which is stored in the long term memory, useful when memory needs to be recalled
If the skill is hard to break down what practice would you use
Whole-part-whole
What is whole-part-whole
- Assessing the skill
- identifying the weakness to practice
- putting the skill back together again
What is an example of when to use whole-part-whole practice
The arm action when smashing a volleyball
What are the advantages of using whole-part-whole practice
- Motivation when you succeed
- immediate feedback
- Makes the skill fluent
Disadvantages of whole-part-whole
- Negative transfer
- Time consuming
How can a coach avoid negative transfer when using whole-part-whole
Put the broken down skill back into the whole session as it’ll be fresh in mind
What is progressive part practice
practicing parts of the skill and adding parts gradually
What practice would you use for a serial skill or a dangerous skill
Progressive part practice
What is an example of progressive part practice
Any routine sport
When would you use progressive part practice (skill type)
- Complex
- serial
- externally paced
- low organised
What are the advantages of progressive part practice
- Gives motivation
- reduces danger, fatigue, demands
- focus on weakness
Disadvantages of progressive part practice
- Time consuming
- first part is wrong everything is
- negative transfer
What is massed practice
No rest intervals
When would you use massed practice (skill type)
- Discrete
- Simple
- Closed
- Highly organised
- self-paced
What are the advantages of Massed practice
- Forms motor programmes
- Increases fitness
- enhances over learning
- Good for habitual responses
- Efficient
What are the disadvantages of massed practice
No time for feedback
fatigue
too demanding
What is an example of when to use massed practice
Basketball player practicing a free throw
What is distributed practice
Rest intervals between sessions
When would you use distributed practice (skill type)
- Continuous
- Complex
- Low organised
- serial
- externally paced
What are the advantages of distributed practice
- Allows recovery
- less mental pressure
- allows mental rehearsal/feedback
- reduces danger
What are the disadvantages of distributed practice
- Time consuming
- negative transfer
What is varied practice
Changing the skills and drills/ type of practice
When would you use varied practice (skill type)
- Complex
- open
- externally paced
What are the advantages of varied practice
- Builds a schema
- Gives motivation
- Allows adaptation
What are the disadvantages of varied practice
- Time consuming
- possibility of negative transfer
- fatigue
- too demanding
What is an example of distributed practice
Swimmer practicing a stroke technique
What is an example of varied practice
Football pass
What is mental practice
Go over it in the mind without movement
When would you use mental practice
In the warm up before a game
serial
complex
What are the advantages of mental practice
- Improves reaction time
- builds motor programme
- builds confidence
- controls anxiety
What are the disadvantages of mental practice
Must be correct!
environment must be calm
What is an example of mental practice
Going over a routine before a competition
