cardio vascular system 1.1 Flashcards
name 12 parts of the heart
- Right atrium
- right ventricle
- left atrium
- left ventricle
- tricuspid valve
- bicuspid valve
- Semi lunar valve
- septum
- pulmonary artery
- vena cava
- pulmonary vein
- aorta
What is health
The state of complete mental, social and physical well being and being free from disease
What causes heart disease
- Insufficient O2 delivered to heart
- Artery’s become blocked with fatty acids
- causes angina increased risk of heart attack
- caused by high BP, cholesterol, lack of exercise and smoking
Impact of PA on the heart
- Keeps heart more efficient
- cardiac hypertrophy
- reduced risk of heart disease
- maintains blood vessel flexibility
- increased SV
What is high blood pressure
- High force of blood against a vessel
- high BP puts extra strain on arteries and heart
- lead to heart attack/failure kidney disease or stroke
Impact of PA on high blood pressure
- Regular aerobic exercise can reduce BP
- Reduce risk of a heart attack
What are the 2 types of cholesterol levels
-Low density liproteins (LDL)
Bad
High density lipoproteins (HDL)
Good
What does Low density liproteins do
- Transport cholesterol in blood to tissues
- increases risk of heart disease
What does High density lipoproteins do
- Transport excess cholesterol in blood back to liver to be broken down
- reduces risk of heart disease
Impact of PA on cholesterol levels
-Regular PA
Lowers bad LDL cholesterol levels
increases good cholesterol
What is a stroke
- O2 supply to brain stops
- causes damage to brain cells, brain injury, disability, death
Impact of PA to a stroke
-Regular exercise can help lower BP and help maintain a healthy weight
What is starlings law
Stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles
What’s the difference between an athlete’s cardiac output and a non athletes cardiac output at rest
Nothing the cardiac output stays the same
What is venous returns
The volume of blood returning to the heart via veins
What happens when more cardiac fibres stretch
The greater the force of contraction and a higher % of blood pumped out of the left ventricle/beat
What’s the increase in heart rate called before exercise
Anticipatory rise
What is Systole
The phase of the heart beat when the heart beat when the heart contracts to pump blood
What is Diastole
The phase of the heart beat when the heart relaxes to fill with blood
Atrial systole
Contraction of the left and right atria
Ventricular systole
Contraction of the left and right ventricle
Cardiac diastole
Period of time when the heart relaxes after contraction in preparation of refilling
What is the cardiac conduction system
A group of specialised cells that send an electrical impulse to the cardiac muscle causing it to contract
What do chemoreceptors detect and how do they act
They detect a change in CO2 or O2 and then increase or decrease the heart rate
What do baroreceptors detect and how do they act
They detect Blood pressure levels and then increase or decrease the heart rate
What do proprioreceptors detect and how do they act
they detect a change in muscle movement and then increase or decrease the heart rate
What are the 3 different types of neural controls
- Proprioceptors
- Baroreceptors
- Chemoreceptors
Where are chemoreceptors found
Carotid arteries and aorta
If there’s a high level of CO2 in the blood what will happen to the blood pH
It’ll become acidic
What is the carotid/aorta body and where is it located
Cluster of central chemoreceptors located in the CNS/aortic arch
What will happen to chemoreceptors during exercise
- CO2 increases
- Increases blood acidity
- Stimulates the sympathetic Nervous system (SNS)
- Heart rate increases
Where and what do baroreceptors contain
Nerve endings in the arterial walls
What do the baroreceptors do when blood pressure increases
They’ll stretch (vasodialation occurs) and cause the heart rate to slow down
What do the baroreceptors do when blood pressure decreases
Vasoconstriction occurs causing the heart rate to increase
What will happen to baroreceptors during exercise
- Vasodialation of arterial walls
- decrease in blood pressure
- less stretching of the baroreceptors
- heart rate increases
What are proprioceptors and where are they located
They’re a sensory nerve ending located in the muscles tendons and joints
What will happen to proprioceptors during exercise
- More muscular contractions and movement
- more detection from proprioceptors
- heart rate increases
What is anticipatory rise
The minds response to prepare the body for exercise
What does the parasympathetic system do
Slows down the heart rate
What does the sympathetic system do
Speeds up the heart rate
What is the automatic nervous system (ANS) made up of
Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
Where does the para/sympathetic nervous system receive it’s information from
From the medulla oblongata and sends signals to SAN
Where is adrenaline released by during exercise
Released by SNS and cardiac acceleratory nerve
What is vascular shunting
It diverts blood away from other body systems to skeletal muscles
How does the body achieve vascular shunting
By vasodialation or vasoconstriction
What control system causes our heart rate to increase
Neural control
Hormonal control
What control system causes our heart rate to decrease
Intrinsic control
What is the Autonomic nervous system made up of (ANS)
Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
How does the parasympathetic system affect the heart rate
Slows down the heart rate
How does the sympathetic system affect the heart rate
Speeds up the heart rate
Out of the parasympathetic and sympathetic system which one maintains the resting heart rate
Parasympathetic
Where does the ANS receive information from
Medulla oblongata
Where are chemoreceptors found
Carotid arteries and aorta
What do chemoreceptors do
Detect chemical changes such as CO2 levels
What is the carotid body made up of and where is it located
Made of a cluster of central chemoreceptors located in the CNS
What is the carotid body sensitive to
Excess CO2
What is the aorta body sensitive to
Lack of O2
What is the aorta body made up of and where is it located
It’s made up of chemoreceptors along the aortic arch
What will happen during exercise (chemoreceptors)
CO2 increases
Increases Blood acidity
Stimulates the SNS
Heart beats faster
What do baroreceptors detect
Blood pressure
How do baroreceptors detect blood pressure
Contain nerve endings in arterial walls
What will happen to baroreceptors when there’s an increase in blood pressure
Baroreceptors will stretch and cause the heart rate to slow down
What happens to the baroreceptors when there’s a decrease in blood pressure
Decrease in the stretch of baroreceptors and cause the heart rate to speed up
What happens during exercise (baroreceptors)
vasodialation of arterial walls
decrease in blood pressure
less stretching of the baroreceptors
heart rate increases
What are proprioceptors
sensory nerve endings
Where are proprioceptors located
In muscles tendons and joints
What do proprioceptors detect
Movement/muscular contractions and cause heart rate to increase
What happens during exercise (proprioceptors)
More muscular contraction and movement
more detection from proprioceptors
Heart rate increases
Example of intrinsic control
thermoreceptors
What is a thermoreceptor
A non-specialised receptor
What does a thermoreceptor detect
They detect temperature changes in the surrounding environment
Where are thermoreceptors detected
Usually on your skin
Where is Adrenaline produced
adrenal glands
What does Adrenaline do
It increases your heart rate
What is vascular shunting
Redirecting the blood flow to active areas where it’s needed during exercise and diverting blood away from inactive areas
How is vascular shunting achieved
Vasodialation and vasoconstriction
How do pre-capillary sphincter aid blood redistribution
by constricting and dilating
What are sphincters
Tiny rings of muscle
Where are sphincters located
The opening of capillaries
4 reasons why the redistribution of blood is important
Allows skeletal muscles to receive more blood due to vasoshunting
controls blood pressure
narrows capillaries around inactive areas IE: organs
helps maintain constant blood temperature
What is haemoglobin
Pigment found in RBC
What is myoglobin
transports O2 to the muscle fibres
What uses the O2 stored in the muscle fibres
Mitochondria for aerobic respiration
which muscle type is myoglobin found
Slow twitch
Which has a higher affinity for O2 haemoglobin or myoglobin
Myoglobin
What is oxyhaemoglobin
Forms when O2 combines with haemoglobin in areas of high oxygen partial pressure
What is oxyhaemoglobin dissociation
When O2 is released from oxyhaemoglobin in areas of low oxygen partial pressure
What is partial pressure
Diffusion
What is affinity
How much a substance tends to combine with another substance
What is plasma
Fluid part of blood that surrounds blood cells and transports them
What is a mitochondria
Centre of muscle cells where aerobic respiration occurs
What happens when Partial pressure of O2 is high in the lungs
It will combine with haemoglobin
Why is O2 released at tissues
There is a lower partial pressure in the tissues causing the O2 to diffuse from the oxyhaemoglobin
What happens when the partial pressure of O2 is high
Combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin and becomes fully saturated
What happens when partial pressure of O2 is low
O2 leaves haemoglobin
This is known as oxyhaemoglobin dissociation
Why does the mitochondria need O2
To produce energy which is then used by the muscles
What is O2 used for and what will happen if it isn’t present
Aerobic respiration and if it’s not there it’ll become anaerobic respiration
What is bradycardia
resting HR below 60 bpm
What is cardiac hypertrophy
Heart gets bigger and stronger
What is myogenic
the capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses
What is the SAN
mass of cardiac muscle which generates the heart beat
What does the Atrioventricular node do
relays the impulse between atrium and ventricles of the heart
What’s the heart rate like at rest for a trained athlete
Lower resting HR
Heart doesn’t need to beat as many times to get the same amount of blood around the body
What’s the stroke volume like at rest for a trained athlete
Higher resting SV
as athletes having cardiac hypertrophy
What’s the cardiac output like at rest for a trained athlete
Resting Q stays the same between trained and untrained performers
What’s the heart rate like during exercise for a trained athlete
Returns to normal quicker
Lower HR while exercising
What’s the stroke volume like during exercise for a trained athlete
Both trained and untrained, SV increases as intenisty increases up to 40-60%
Higher SV in trained
What’s cardiac output like during exercise for a trained athlete
Higher maximal Q during exercise in Trained
Increase in SV means an increase in Q during exercise
What’s the 1st stage of the cardiac conduction system process
1 -The SAN sends an impulse through the atria, causing atrial systole
What’s the 2nd stage of the cardiac conduction system process
2 - this forces blood into the ventricle
What’s the 3rd stage of the cardiac conduction system process
3 - the electric impulse arrives at the atrioventricular node (AVN)
What’s the 4th stage of the cardiac conduction system process
4 - the AVN delays the transmission to allow for the atria to contract before the ventricular systole starts
What’s the 5th stage of the cardiac conduction system process
5- the impulse then moves through fibres to the bundle of His
What’s the 6th stage of the cardiac conduction system process
6- the bundle of His transfers this to the Purkinje fibre that causes ventricular systole so blood is pumped around the body
What are the 2 types of circulation
Pulmonary
systemic
What is pulmonary circulation
DeO2 blood from the heart to the lungs & O2 blood back to the heart
What is systemic circulation
O2 blood to the body from the heart & then the return of deO2 blood from the body to heart
Structure of artery
- Thick muscular walls
- outer elastic area
- pulsate
- small lumen
Function of artery
carry O2 blood away from heart at high pressure
Structure of vein
- thin walls
- valves
- large lumen
Function of vein
- carry blood towards heart
- low pressure
Structure of capillary
- 1 cell thick
- very thin permeable walls
Function of capillary
connect and transport blood from arteries to veins under low pressure
What is venous pressure
The average blood pressure of the veins usually very low
What is right atrial pressure
How much blood is in the atrium before it goes to the ventricle
What is venous resistance
The resistance to blood flow in the veins
What is A-VO2 difference
The difference between the O2 content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles
How many ‘ml’ of O2 goes through the arteriole/ 100ml of blood
20 ml of O2
When many ‘ml’ of O2 goes through the venule/ 100ml of blood at rest
15 ml of O2
When many ‘ml’ of O2 goes through the venule/ 100ml of blood during exercise
5 ml of O2
Is A-VO2 diff low or high at rest
low
Is A-VO2 diff low or high during exercise
high
why is A-VO2 diff higher during exercise
- Muscles are extracting more O2
- More O2 needed for aerobic respiration
- allows performers muscles to contract
What would happen is A-VO2 diff didn’t increase
- lactic acid build up
- fatigue
- poorer performance
How does exercise effect A-VO2 diff
- More O2 needed/extracted by muscles
- Need for energy/ ATP production
- Improved performance
- A-VO2 increases
Will A-VO2 be higher or lower in a trained athlete
Higher
Why will A-VO2 diff be higher in a trained performer
Their muscles can extract O2 more efficiently from the muscles
How does A-VO2 diff affect gaseous exchange at the alveoli
More O2 is taken up and more CO2 is removed
In what situation does cardiovascular drift occur
Exercise 10+ mins in a warm environment
What does the body do during cardio vascular drift
Sweat
increases HR
What happens to your blood when you sweat
Fluid is lost from the plasma
What does the reduced plasma levels effect
reduce SV and venous returns
What does the HR do to compensate for the reduced SV
Increases
Why does the HR increase to compensate for the reduced SV
maintain higher Q to create more energy to cool the body
What can you do to minimise cardio vascular drift
Maintain high fluid consumption before and during exercise
