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A level P.E Year 1 > cardio vascular system 1.1 > Flashcards

cardio vascular system 1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

name 12 parts of the heart

A
  • Right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
  • tricuspid valve
  • bicuspid valve
  • Semi lunar valve
  • septum
  • pulmonary artery
  • vena cava
  • pulmonary vein
  • aorta
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2
Q

What is health

A

The state of complete mental, social and physical well being and being free from disease

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3
Q

What causes heart disease

A
  • Insufficient O2 delivered to heart
  • Artery’s become blocked with fatty acids
  • causes angina increased risk of heart attack
  • caused by high BP, cholesterol, lack of exercise and smoking
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4
Q

Impact of PA on the heart

A
  • Keeps heart more efficient
  • cardiac hypertrophy
  • reduced risk of heart disease
  • maintains blood vessel flexibility
  • increased SV
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5
Q

What is high blood pressure

A
  • High force of blood against a vessel
  • high BP puts extra strain on arteries and heart
  • lead to heart attack/failure kidney disease or stroke
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6
Q

Impact of PA on high blood pressure

A
  • Regular aerobic exercise can reduce BP

- Reduce risk of a heart attack

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of cholesterol levels

A

-Low density liproteins (LDL)
Bad
High density lipoproteins (HDL)
Good

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8
Q

What does Low density liproteins do

A
  • Transport cholesterol in blood to tissues

- increases risk of heart disease

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9
Q

What does High density lipoproteins do

A
  • Transport excess cholesterol in blood back to liver to be broken down
  • reduces risk of heart disease
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10
Q

Impact of PA on cholesterol levels

A

-Regular PA
Lowers bad LDL cholesterol levels
increases good cholesterol

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11
Q

What is a stroke

A
  • O2 supply to brain stops

- causes damage to brain cells, brain injury, disability, death

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12
Q

Impact of PA to a stroke

A

-Regular exercise can help lower BP and help maintain a healthy weight

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13
Q

What is starlings law

A

Stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles

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14
Q

What’s the difference between an athlete’s cardiac output and a non athletes cardiac output at rest

A

Nothing the cardiac output stays the same

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15
Q

What is venous returns

A

The volume of blood returning to the heart via veins

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16
Q

What happens when more cardiac fibres stretch

A

The greater the force of contraction and a higher % of blood pumped out of the left ventricle/beat

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17
Q

What’s the increase in heart rate called before exercise

A

Anticipatory rise

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18
Q

What is Systole

A

The phase of the heart beat when the heart beat when the heart contracts to pump blood

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19
Q

What is Diastole

A

The phase of the heart beat when the heart relaxes to fill with blood

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20
Q

Atrial systole

A

Contraction of the left and right atria

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21
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Contraction of the left and right ventricle

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22
Q

Cardiac diastole

A

Period of time when the heart relaxes after contraction in preparation of refilling

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23
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system

A

A group of specialised cells that send an electrical impulse to the cardiac muscle causing it to contract

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24
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect and how do they act

A

They detect a change in CO2 or O2 and then increase or decrease the heart rate

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25
Q

What do baroreceptors detect and how do they act

A

They detect Blood pressure levels and then increase or decrease the heart rate

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26
Q

What do proprioreceptors detect and how do they act

A

they detect a change in muscle movement and then increase or decrease the heart rate

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27
Q

What are the 3 different types of neural controls

A
  • Proprioceptors
  • Baroreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
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28
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found

A

Carotid arteries and aorta

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29
Q

If there’s a high level of CO2 in the blood what will happen to the blood pH

A

It’ll become acidic

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30
Q

What is the carotid/aorta body and where is it located

A

Cluster of central chemoreceptors located in the CNS/aortic arch

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31
Q

What will happen to chemoreceptors during exercise

A
  • CO2 increases
  • Increases blood acidity
  • Stimulates the sympathetic Nervous system (SNS)
  • Heart rate increases
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32
Q

Where and what do baroreceptors contain

A

Nerve endings in the arterial walls

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33
Q

What do the baroreceptors do when blood pressure increases

A

They’ll stretch (vasodialation occurs) and cause the heart rate to slow down

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34
Q

What do the baroreceptors do when blood pressure decreases

A

Vasoconstriction occurs causing the heart rate to increase

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35
Q

What will happen to baroreceptors during exercise

A
  • Vasodialation of arterial walls
  • decrease in blood pressure
  • less stretching of the baroreceptors
  • heart rate increases
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36
Q

What are proprioceptors and where are they located

A

They’re a sensory nerve ending located in the muscles tendons and joints

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37
Q

What will happen to proprioceptors during exercise

A
  • More muscular contractions and movement
  • more detection from proprioceptors
  • heart rate increases
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38
Q

What is anticipatory rise

A

The minds response to prepare the body for exercise

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39
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do

A

Slows down the heart rate

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40
Q

What does the sympathetic system do

A

Speeds up the heart rate

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41
Q

What is the automatic nervous system (ANS) made up of

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

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42
Q

Where does the para/sympathetic nervous system receive it’s information from

A

From the medulla oblongata and sends signals to SAN

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43
Q

Where is adrenaline released by during exercise

A

Released by SNS and cardiac acceleratory nerve

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44
Q

What is vascular shunting

A

It diverts blood away from other body systems to skeletal muscles

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45
Q

How does the body achieve vascular shunting

A

By vasodialation or vasoconstriction

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46
Q

What control system causes our heart rate to increase

A

Neural control

Hormonal control

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47
Q

What control system causes our heart rate to decrease

A

Intrinsic control

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48
Q

What is the Autonomic nervous system made up of (ANS)

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

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49
Q

How does the parasympathetic system affect the heart rate

A

Slows down the heart rate

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50
Q

How does the sympathetic system affect the heart rate

A

Speeds up the heart rate

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51
Q

Out of the parasympathetic and sympathetic system which one maintains the resting heart rate

A

Parasympathetic

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52
Q

Where does the ANS receive information from

A

Medulla oblongata

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53
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found

A

Carotid arteries and aorta

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54
Q

What do chemoreceptors do

A

Detect chemical changes such as CO2 levels

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55
Q

What is the carotid body made up of and where is it located

A

Made of a cluster of central chemoreceptors located in the CNS

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56
Q

What is the carotid body sensitive to

A

Excess CO2

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57
Q

What is the aorta body sensitive to

A

Lack of O2

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58
Q

What is the aorta body made up of and where is it located

A

It’s made up of chemoreceptors along the aortic arch

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59
Q

What will happen during exercise (chemoreceptors)

A

CO2 increases
Increases Blood acidity
Stimulates the SNS
Heart beats faster

60
Q

What do baroreceptors detect

A

Blood pressure

61
Q

How do baroreceptors detect blood pressure

A

Contain nerve endings in arterial walls

62
Q

What will happen to baroreceptors when there’s an increase in blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors will stretch and cause the heart rate to slow down

63
Q

What happens to the baroreceptors when there’s a decrease in blood pressure

A

Decrease in the stretch of baroreceptors and cause the heart rate to speed up

64
Q

What happens during exercise (baroreceptors)

A

vasodialation of arterial walls
decrease in blood pressure
less stretching of the baroreceptors
heart rate increases

65
Q

What are proprioceptors

A

sensory nerve endings

66
Q

Where are proprioceptors located

A

In muscles tendons and joints

67
Q

What do proprioceptors detect

A

Movement/muscular contractions and cause heart rate to increase

68
Q

What happens during exercise (proprioceptors)

A

More muscular contraction and movement
more detection from proprioceptors
Heart rate increases

69
Q

Example of intrinsic control

A

thermoreceptors

70
Q

What is a thermoreceptor

A

A non-specialised receptor

71
Q

What does a thermoreceptor detect

A

They detect temperature changes in the surrounding environment

72
Q

Where are thermoreceptors detected

A

Usually on your skin

73
Q

Where is Adrenaline produced

A

adrenal glands

74
Q

What does Adrenaline do

A

It increases your heart rate

75
Q

What is vascular shunting

A

Redirecting the blood flow to active areas where it’s needed during exercise and diverting blood away from inactive areas

76
Q

How is vascular shunting achieved

A

Vasodialation and vasoconstriction

77
Q

How do pre-capillary sphincter aid blood redistribution

A

by constricting and dilating

78
Q

What are sphincters

A

Tiny rings of muscle

79
Q

Where are sphincters located

A

The opening of capillaries

80
Q

4 reasons why the redistribution of blood is important

A

Allows skeletal muscles to receive more blood due to vasoshunting
controls blood pressure
narrows capillaries around inactive areas IE: organs
helps maintain constant blood temperature

81
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

Pigment found in RBC

82
Q

What is myoglobin

A

transports O2 to the muscle fibres

83
Q

What uses the O2 stored in the muscle fibres

A

Mitochondria for aerobic respiration

84
Q

which muscle type is myoglobin found

A

Slow twitch

85
Q

Which has a higher affinity for O2 haemoglobin or myoglobin

A

Myoglobin

86
Q

What is oxyhaemoglobin

A

Forms when O2 combines with haemoglobin in areas of high oxygen partial pressure

87
Q

What is oxyhaemoglobin dissociation

A

When O2 is released from oxyhaemoglobin in areas of low oxygen partial pressure

88
Q

What is partial pressure

A

Diffusion

89
Q

What is affinity

A

How much a substance tends to combine with another substance

90
Q

What is plasma

A

Fluid part of blood that surrounds blood cells and transports them

91
Q

What is a mitochondria

A

Centre of muscle cells where aerobic respiration occurs

92
Q

What happens when Partial pressure of O2 is high in the lungs

A

It will combine with haemoglobin

93
Q

Why is O2 released at tissues

A

There is a lower partial pressure in the tissues causing the O2 to diffuse from the oxyhaemoglobin

94
Q

What happens when the partial pressure of O2 is high

A

Combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin and becomes fully saturated

95
Q

What happens when partial pressure of O2 is low

A

O2 leaves haemoglobin

This is known as oxyhaemoglobin dissociation

96
Q

Why does the mitochondria need O2

A

To produce energy which is then used by the muscles

97
Q

What is O2 used for and what will happen if it isn’t present

A

Aerobic respiration and if it’s not there it’ll become anaerobic respiration

98
Q

What is bradycardia

A

resting HR below 60 bpm

99
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy

A

Heart gets bigger and stronger

100
Q

What is myogenic

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

101
Q

What is the SAN

A

mass of cardiac muscle which generates the heart beat

102
Q

What does the Atrioventricular node do

A

relays the impulse between atrium and ventricles of the heart

103
Q

What’s the heart rate like at rest for a trained athlete

A

Lower resting HR

Heart doesn’t need to beat as many times to get the same amount of blood around the body

104
Q

What’s the stroke volume like at rest for a trained athlete

A

Higher resting SV

as athletes having cardiac hypertrophy

105
Q

What’s the cardiac output like at rest for a trained athlete

A

Resting Q stays the same between trained and untrained performers

106
Q

What’s the heart rate like during exercise for a trained athlete

A

Returns to normal quicker

Lower HR while exercising

107
Q

What’s the stroke volume like during exercise for a trained athlete

A

Both trained and untrained, SV increases as intenisty increases up to 40-60%
Higher SV in trained

108
Q

What’s cardiac output like during exercise for a trained athlete

A

Higher maximal Q during exercise in Trained

Increase in SV means an increase in Q during exercise

109
Q

What’s the 1st stage of the cardiac conduction system process

A

1 -The SAN sends an impulse through the atria, causing atrial systole

110
Q

What’s the 2nd stage of the cardiac conduction system process

A

2 - this forces blood into the ventricle

111
Q

What’s the 3rd stage of the cardiac conduction system process

A

3 - the electric impulse arrives at the atrioventricular node (AVN)

112
Q

What’s the 4th stage of the cardiac conduction system process

A

4 - the AVN delays the transmission to allow for the atria to contract before the ventricular systole starts

113
Q

What’s the 5th stage of the cardiac conduction system process

A

5- the impulse then moves through fibres to the bundle of His

114
Q

What’s the 6th stage of the cardiac conduction system process

A

6- the bundle of His transfers this to the Purkinje fibre that causes ventricular systole so blood is pumped around the body

115
Q

What are the 2 types of circulation

A

Pulmonary

systemic

116
Q

What is pulmonary circulation

A

DeO2 blood from the heart to the lungs & O2 blood back to the heart

117
Q

What is systemic circulation

A

O2 blood to the body from the heart & then the return of deO2 blood from the body to heart

118
Q

Structure of artery

A
  • Thick muscular walls
  • outer elastic area
  • pulsate
  • small lumen
119
Q

Function of artery

A

carry O2 blood away from heart at high pressure

120
Q

Structure of vein

A
  • thin walls
  • valves
  • large lumen
121
Q

Function of vein

A
  • carry blood towards heart

- low pressure

122
Q

Structure of capillary

A
  • 1 cell thick

- very thin permeable walls

123
Q

Function of capillary

A

connect and transport blood from arteries to veins under low pressure

124
Q

What is venous pressure

A

The average blood pressure of the veins usually very low

125
Q

What is right atrial pressure

A

How much blood is in the atrium before it goes to the ventricle

126
Q

What is venous resistance

A

The resistance to blood flow in the veins

127
Q

What is A-VO2 difference

A

The difference between the O2 content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles

128
Q

How many ‘ml’ of O2 goes through the arteriole/ 100ml of blood

A

20 ml of O2

129
Q

When many ‘ml’ of O2 goes through the venule/ 100ml of blood at rest

A

15 ml of O2

130
Q

When many ‘ml’ of O2 goes through the venule/ 100ml of blood during exercise

A

5 ml of O2

131
Q

Is A-VO2 diff low or high at rest

A

low

132
Q

Is A-VO2 diff low or high during exercise

A

high

133
Q

why is A-VO2 diff higher during exercise

A
  • Muscles are extracting more O2
  • More O2 needed for aerobic respiration
  • allows performers muscles to contract
134
Q

What would happen is A-VO2 diff didn’t increase

A
  • lactic acid build up
  • fatigue
  • poorer performance
135
Q

How does exercise effect A-VO2 diff

A
  • More O2 needed/extracted by muscles
  • Need for energy/ ATP production
  • Improved performance
  • A-VO2 increases
136
Q

Will A-VO2 be higher or lower in a trained athlete

A

Higher

137
Q

Why will A-VO2 diff be higher in a trained performer

A

Their muscles can extract O2 more efficiently from the muscles

138
Q

How does A-VO2 diff affect gaseous exchange at the alveoli

A

More O2 is taken up and more CO2 is removed

139
Q

In what situation does cardiovascular drift occur

A

Exercise 10+ mins in a warm environment

140
Q

What does the body do during cardio vascular drift

A

Sweat

increases HR

141
Q

What happens to your blood when you sweat

A

Fluid is lost from the plasma

142
Q

What does the reduced plasma levels effect

A

reduce SV and venous returns

143
Q

What does the HR do to compensate for the reduced SV

A

Increases

144
Q

Why does the HR increase to compensate for the reduced SV

A

maintain higher Q to create more energy to cool the body

145
Q

What can you do to minimise cardio vascular drift

A

Maintain high fluid consumption before and during exercise

A level P.E Year 1 (31 decks)

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