Information processing 9.1 Flashcards
What are the 5 senses
- kinesthesis
- auditory
- touch
- balance
- sight
What are the 2 external senses
sight
auditory
What are the 3 internal senses
kinesthesis
touch
balance
What is selective attention
Filtering information from relevant and irrelevant information
What’s the first stage of whitings model
input data from display
What’s the second stage of whitings model
receptor systems
What’s the third stage of whitings model
perceptual mechanism
What’s the fourth stage of whitings model
translatory mechanism
What’s the fifth stage of whitings model
effector mechanism
What’s the sixth stage of whitings model
muscular system
What’s the seventh stage of whitings model
output data
what’s the eighth stage of whitings model
feedback data
What’s the environment
contains the information needed to perform
What’s the display
sporting information available from the environment
What are the receptor systems
- sight
- sound
- balance
- touch
- kinesthesis
What does perceptual mechanisms do
detects the host of information picked up by the receptors and filters it into relevant and irrelevant information
What does the translatory mechanism do
compare relevant information to a past memory in the LTM
What does the effector mechanism do
Sends coded impulse to muscles
What does the muscular system do
picks up impulse and begins to contract
What does the output data do
response beings action is complete
What does the feedback data do
receive feedback in different forms
What is an example of selective attention
Badminton player focusing on the cock rather than someone in the crowd
What are the benefits of selective attention
It improves your reaction time
How does selective attention improve your reaction time
Hicks law
What is Hicks law
The more stimuli there is to react to the longer your reaction time is
At what number of stimuli does Hicks law plateau at
7
Why can’t you process to much information
Working memory has a limited capacity so too much info could affect the memory function
What is the effector mechanism and muscular output
Network of nerves
What are the 3 parts of the perceptual mechanism
- Detection
- Comparison
- Recognition
What does the detection stage mean in the perceptual mechanism
the performer has picked up relevant information and identified it as important
How did the performer detect the information in the perceptual mechanism
Using their senses
What does the comparison stage do in the perceptual mechanism
Matches relevant information to information already in the memory of the performer
What happens in the recognition stage of the perceptual mechanism
Used information from the memory to identify an appropriate response
When is it difficult to detect information
When it’s: - not clear
- contains to much information
- disguised by the opposition
When did whiting make his information processing model
1969
What is whitings information processing model made up of
- input data
- receptor systems
- perceptual mechanisms
- translatory mechanisms
- effector mechanisms
- muscular system
- output data
- feedback data
What are the 4 things the working memory model is made up of
- Central executive
- phonological loop
- visuospatial sketchpad
- episodic buffer
What is the central executive’s function
control center, sends information to the correct places of the brain
What is the phonological loops function
Deals with auditory information from the senses,
What 2 things does the phonological loop have to help produce a memory trace
- Phonological store
- articulatory system
What is a memory trace
initial mental idea of the skill
What happens when a memory trace is sent to the long term memory
It triggers a motor program or images of parts of a skill
What 2 types of information does the visuospatial sketchpad contain
visual (sight)
spatial (where)
What does the visuospatial sketchpad help process
The feel of the movement
What is the visuospatial sketch pad further divided into
- visual ache
- inner scribe
What does the visual ache deal with
holds info about form and colour
What does the inner scribe deal with
Holds info about spatial and movement information
What is the episodic buffer’s function
co-ordinating the work of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad
What 3 things does the episodic buffer co-ordinate
- sight
- sound
- movements
Where does the episodic buffer send the sight, sound and movement information
Long term memory
What is the main part of the working memory that helps with motor programmes
Episodic buffer
What is the first job of the working memory model
To pick up relevant information from the environment
What do coaches use to make sure that the information is stored in the long term memory
- Rewards
- Association
- Breaking down the task
- making sure they focus
- repetition
- motor programmes
What types of rewards are there
- Extrinsic
- Intrinsic
What is association
Linking the stored actions of a skill to a stored emotion or other action
What practice is good for remembering a trampoline routine
Mental practice
How does breaking down the task help you remember the skill
It prevents information overload
What is chunking
Breaking the skill action into parts or sub-routines
How does focusing on the task help you remember the information
Selective attention is more efficient so the correct information goes into the STM and then LTM
How does repeating an action help you remember it
The skill becomes coded and stored as a motor programme
What is a schema
Core principles can be take from an existing motor program and the adapted using info from environment and senses
What are the 4 parameters of a schema
- Initial conditions
- Response specifications
- Sensory consequences
- Response outcome
What is the “initial conditions” of a schema
info from the sporting environment that must be recognised before the schema can be used
What is the “response specifications” of a schema
Info from the environment is used to access the available options open to the performer
What is the recall schema responsible for
initiating the movement that happens before the action has taken place
What does the recognition schema consist of
- Sensory consequences
- response outcome
What is the sensory consequence schema used for
Uses senses to help guide the movement
What is the response outcome used for
Schema and motor program can be updated by getting the knowledge of the result of the action
What is response time
Reaction time + movement time
Example of reaction time
Gen stimuli —> moving out of the blocks
Example of movement time
Blocks —> finish of the race
Does reaction time involve movement
No
How can a coach encourage further use of a schema
Use reinforcement of praise
What does hicks law state
Reaction time increases as the number of choices increases
At how many stimuli does your reaction time plateau Hicks law
7
What does the single channel hypothesis state
Only 1 stimuli can be processed at a time
What is the psychological refractory period
A delay when a second stimuli is presented before the first has been processed
What is an example of the psychological refractory period
In tennis you’re set for the volley but the ball hits the net and goes off in a different direction to what you were ready for
How can you force a delay in their response
perform a dummy pass by using fake body language
What are the 2 types of anticipation
- Temporal anticipation
- spatial anticipation
What is temporal anticipation
When it’s going to happen
What is spatial anticipation
Where and what is going to happen
What are the 5 ways to improve reaction time
- Mental practice
- train the specific stimulus
- focus and concentrate
- improve fitness
- use anticipation (if appropriate)
What type of fitness training could be used to improve reaction time
Plyometric and interval improves the speed and power of the movement
