Principles and theories of learning and performance 2.2 Flashcards
What are the 3 stages of learning
- Cognitive stage
- Associative stage
- Autonomous stage
What stage of leaning is this: No motor programme, un-coordinated movement
Cognitive stage
What stage of leaning is this: Motor programme forming, Smoother movement
Associative stage
What stage of leaning is this: motor programme formed, automatic control, detail
Autonomous stage
What feedback would a Cognitive performer receive
- Extrinsic
- Positive
- Knowledge of performance
What is learning
A permanent change in behavior as a result of practice
What is performance
A temporary occurrence that can change from time to time because of many external and internal influences
What feedback would a Associative performer receive
- Negative
- Extrinsic
- Intrinsic
- Knowledge of performance
- Knowledge of results
What feedback would a Autonomous performer receive
- Negative
- Intrinsic
- Knowledge of results
What is a plateau
Period of no improvement in performance
What are the causes of a plateau
- Lack of motivation
- boredom
- coaching
- limit of ability
- targets set too low
- fatigue
What can cause lack of motivation
Lack of incentives or extrinsic rewards may cause the performer to lose drive and energy for the task
What causes boredom
The repetitive nature of a closed skill
How does coaching cause a plateau
Give incorrect instructions or use incorrect practice methods so the skill isn’t done correctly
How does limit of ability cause a plateau
The play has peaked and can’t improve any further
How does having a low target cause a plateau
Doesn’t allow performer to use the full range of their skills
How does fatigue cause a plateau
A continuous action over a long period of time would result in fatigue
How can you avoid too low of target
Give performer new challenges with different goals
How can you avoid a plateau from a coach
Find a new coach that uses more positive reinforcement and praise
How can you avoid Fatigue
Take a rest
How can you avoid boredom
More variety
How can you avoid lack of motivation
Give positive feedback to increase motivation
What are the 4 different types of guidance
- Visual
- verbal
- mechanical
- manual
What is visual guidance
Guidance that can be seen
What is verbal guidance
Using words to explain a task
What is manual guidance
Physically supporting a performer during a movement
What is mechanical guidance
Using artificial aids to help a performance
What is negative reinforcement
Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response
What is punishment
An unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions recurring
What is positive reinforcement
A pleasant stimulus after the correct response
What is an annoyer
An action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses
What is a satisfier
An action that promotes a pleasant feeling so that responses are repeated
What is operant conditioning
The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated
What level performer is likely to use visual guidance
beginner
What are the advantages of visual guidance
good at highlighting specific weaknesses
creates a ,mental image
nearly always used with verbal guidance
What are the disadvantages of visual guidance
has to be completely accurate
confuse performer if to much info is given
What level performer is likely to use verbal guidance
Experienced performer
What are the disadvantages with verbal guidance
- to much info can cause confusion
- to much info can out to much demand on the memory system
- Performer may lose concentration
What performer would use manual guidance
beginner
Advantages of manual guidance
- eliminates danger
- build confidence
- reduces fear and anxiety
Disadvantages of Manual guidance
- detrimental effect if over used
- can build to much reliance on the support
- Develop bad habits
- Being to close to the performer can put them off
What performer would use mechanical guidance
Any level, used when trying something new and dangerous
Advantages of mechanical guidance
- Builds confidence when task completed
- eliminates danger
- early feel of whole skill
- used with disabled athletes
Disadvantages of mechanical guidance
- Can become to reliant if over used
- interfere with the feel of the task
- lose motivation if performer thinks the skill isn’t being done independently
What does the behaviorists theory explain
How actions can be linked to stimuli
What are the 3 features is operant conditioning characterised by
- Trial and error
- shapes behavior
- manipulates the environment
What principle does operant conditioning work on
reinforcement actions are strengthened and that incorrect actions are weakened
During trial and error how can you get the actions to be more like to be repeated
If you reward the successful actions
How can you avoid incorrect actions
give them an annoyer
What does the S-R bond stand for
Stimuli response
What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement
- Punishment is giving the performer something unpleasant so the Acton isn’t repeated
- negative reinforcement is the withdrawal of criticism
What are the 4 stages of Bandura’s model
1 attention
2 retention
3 motor production
4 motivation
What is attention (bandura)
Making the demonstration attractive to the performer therefore more memorable
What is retention (bandura)
Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it
What is motor production (bandura)
Having the mental and physical and mental ability to do the task (same level of ability as the performer)
What is motivation (bandura)
Having the drive to do the task (give them motivation)
How long should a performer wait before trying the technique after they’re seen it
Straight away as it’s fresh in their mind
How is the model demonstration more likely to be copied
- Performed by a player with similar ability
- Reinforced
- Powerful (visually and physically)
- consistent
- relevant
What is intra-psychological learning
Learning from within after gaining external knowledge from others
What is zone of proximal development
The next stage of learning based of the performers current level
What is constructivism (Vygoysky)
Building up learning in stages based on the current level of performance
What are the 3 stages of proximal development
What can i do alone
What can i do with help
What can i not yet do
What is insight learning
Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the while skill
What was the Gestaltist theories
Insight learning
What’s social development
Learning by association with others
What is inter-psychological learning
Learning from others externally
