Principles and theories of learning and performance 2.2

Question 1

What are the 3 stages of learning

Answer 1

• Cognitive stage
• Associative stage
• Autonomous stage

Question 2

What stage of leaning is this: No motor programme, un-coordinated movement

Answer 2

Cognitive stage

Question 3

What stage of leaning is this: Motor programme forming, Smoother movement

Answer 3

Associative stage

Question 4

What stage of leaning is this: motor programme formed, automatic control, detail

Answer 4

Autonomous stage

Question 5

What feedback would a Cognitive performer receive

Answer 5

• Extrinsic
• Positive
• Knowledge of performance

Question 6

What is learning

Answer 6

A permanent change in behavior as a result of practice

Question 7

What is performance

Answer 7

A temporary occurrence that can change from time to time because of many external and internal influences

Question 8

What feedback would a Associative performer receive

Answer 8

• Negative
• Extrinsic
• Intrinsic
• Knowledge of performance
• Knowledge of results

Question 9

What feedback would a Autonomous performer receive

Answer 9

• Negative
• Intrinsic
• Knowledge of results

Question 10

What is a plateau

Answer 10

Period of no improvement in performance

Question 11

What are the causes of a plateau

Answer 11

• Lack of motivation
• boredom
• coaching
• limit of ability
• targets set too low
• fatigue

Question 12

What can cause lack of motivation

Answer 12

Lack of incentives or extrinsic rewards may cause the performer to lose drive and energy for the task

Question 13

What causes boredom

Answer 13

The repetitive nature of a closed skill

Question 14

How does coaching cause a plateau

Answer 14

Give incorrect instructions or use incorrect practice methods so the skill isn’t done correctly

Question 15

How does limit of ability cause a plateau

Answer 15

The play has peaked and can’t improve any further

Question 16

How does having a low target cause a plateau

Answer 16

Doesn’t allow performer to use the full range of their skills

Question 17

How does fatigue cause a plateau

Answer 17

A continuous action over a long period of time would result in fatigue

Question 18

How can you avoid too low of target

Answer 18

Give performer new challenges with different goals

Question 19

How can you avoid a plateau from a coach

Answer 19

Find a new coach that uses more positive reinforcement and praise

Question 20

How can you avoid Fatigue

Answer 20

Take a rest

Question 21

How can you avoid boredom

Answer 21

More variety

Question 22

How can you avoid lack of motivation

Answer 22

Give positive feedback to increase motivation

Question 23

What are the 4 different types of guidance

Answer 23

• Visual
• verbal
• mechanical
• manual

Question 24

What is visual guidance

Answer 24

Guidance that can be seen

Question 25

What is verbal guidance

Answer 25

Using words to explain a task

Question 26

What is manual guidance

Answer 26

Physically supporting a performer during a movement

Question 27

What is mechanical guidance

Answer 27

Using artificial aids to help a performance

Question 28

What is negative reinforcement

Answer 28

Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response

Question 29

What is punishment

Answer 29

An unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions recurring

Question 30

What is positive reinforcement

Answer 30

A pleasant stimulus after the correct response

Question 31

What is an annoyer

Answer 31

An action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses

Question 32

What is a satisfier

Answer 32

An action that promotes a pleasant feeling so that responses are repeated

Question 33

What is operant conditioning

Answer 33

The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated

Question 34

What level performer is likely to use visual guidance

Answer 34

beginner

Question 35

What are the advantages of visual guidance

Answer 35

good at highlighting specific weaknesses creates a ,mental image nearly always used with verbal guidance

Question 36

What are the disadvantages of visual guidance

Answer 36

has to be completely accurate | confuse performer if to much info is given

Question 37

What level performer is likely to use verbal guidance

Answer 37

Experienced performer

Question 38

What are the disadvantages with verbal guidance

Answer 38

- to much info can cause confusion - to much info can out to much demand on the memory system - Performer may lose concentration

Question 39

What performer would use manual guidance

Answer 39

beginner

Question 40

Advantages of manual guidance

Answer 40

- eliminates danger - build confidence - reduces fear and anxiety

Question 41

Disadvantages of Manual guidance

Answer 41

- detrimental effect if over used - can build to much reliance on the support - Develop bad habits - Being to close to the performer can put them off

Question 42

What performer would use mechanical guidance

Answer 42

Any level, used when trying something new and dangerous

Question 43

Advantages of mechanical guidance

Answer 43

- Builds confidence when task completed - eliminates danger - early feel of whole skill - used with disabled athletes

Question 44

Disadvantages of mechanical guidance

Answer 44

- Can become to reliant if over used - interfere with the feel of the task - lose motivation if performer thinks the skill isn't being done independently

Question 45

What does the behaviorists theory explain

Answer 45

How actions can be linked to stimuli

Question 46

What are the 3 features is operant conditioning characterised by

Answer 46

- Trial and error - shapes behavior - manipulates the environment

Question 47

What principle does operant conditioning work on

Answer 47

reinforcement actions are strengthened and that incorrect actions are weakened

Question 48

During trial and error how can you get the actions to be more like to be repeated

Answer 48

If you reward the successful actions

Question 49

How can you avoid incorrect actions

Answer 49

give them an annoyer

Question 50

What does the S-R bond stand for

Answer 50

Stimuli response

Question 51

What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement

Answer 51

- Punishment is giving the performer something unpleasant so the Acton isn't repeated - negative reinforcement is the withdrawal of criticism

Question 52

What are the 4 stages of Bandura's model

Answer 52

1 attention 2 retention 3 motor production 4 motivation

Question 53

What is attention (bandura)

Answer 53

Making the demonstration attractive to the performer therefore more memorable

Question 54

What is retention (bandura)

Answer 54

Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it

Question 55

What is motor production (bandura)

Answer 55

Having the mental and physical and mental ability to do the task (same level of ability as the performer)

Question 56

What is motivation (bandura)

Answer 56

Having the drive to do the task (give them motivation)

Question 57

How long should a performer wait before trying the technique after they're seen it

Answer 57

Straight away as it's fresh in their mind

Question 58

How is the model demonstration more likely to be copied

Answer 58

- Performed by a player with similar ability - Reinforced - Powerful (visually and physically) - consistent - relevant

Question 59

What is intra-psychological learning

Answer 59

Learning from within after gaining external knowledge from others

Question 60

What is zone of proximal development

Answer 60

The next stage of learning based of the performers current level

Question 61

What is constructivism (Vygoysky)

Answer 61

Building up learning in stages based on the current level of performance

Question 62

What are the 3 stages of proximal development

Answer 62

What can i do alone What can i do with help What can i not yet do

Question 63

What is insight learning

Answer 63

Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the while skill

Question 64

What was the Gestaltist theories

Answer 64

Insight learning

Question 65

What's social development

Answer 65

Learning by association with others

Question 66

What is inter-psychological learning

Answer 66

Learning from others externally