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Science Year 9 > The respiratory system > Flashcards

The respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

Why does the trachea have cartilage rings?

A

The trachea has cartilage rings to keep it open, support the trachea, keep it rigid, allows to move and flex during breathing.

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2
Q

What does the pleural cavity do?

A

The pleural cavity ensures that the lugs don’t stick together.

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3
Q

What are pleural membranes?

A

Pleural membranes are membranes that surround the lungs and keep an upright seal.

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4
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

The diaphragm is a large sheet of muscle that separates the lungs from abdominal activity.

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5
Q

What are intercostal muscles?

A

Intercostal muscles are sets of muscles in between ribs that raise/lower the ribcage.

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6
Q

Explain why the pressure of the lungs decreases when you inhale.

A

All the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract to expand the chest cavity. This expansion then causes there to be less pressure.

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7
Q

What type of process is inhalation?

A

Inhalation is an active process as you are aware when you do it.

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8
Q

What happens to the intercostal muscles when you inhale and what does this do to the ribcage?

A
  • External intercostal muscles contract.
  • Internal intercostal muscles relax.
  • This moves the ribcage upwards and outwards.
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9
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when you inhale?

A

When you inhale, the diaphragm contracts; pulling downwards.

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10
Q

What happens to the volume when you inhale?

A

The volume increases when you inhale.

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11
Q

What type of process is exhalation?

A

Exhalation is a passive process as you need to do it subconsciously.

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12
Q

What happens to the intercostal muscles when you exhale and what does this do to the ribcage?

A
  • External intercostal muscles relax.
  • Internal intercostal muscles contract.
  • Moves ribcage downwards and inwards.
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13
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when you exhale?

A
  • Relaxes and moves upwards (returning to its dome shape.)
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14
Q

What happens to the pressure and volume when you exhale?

A
  • The pressure increases.

- The volume decreases.

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15
Q

How is exhaled air different from atmospheric air?

A
  • Less oxygen
  • more carbon dioxide
  • More nitrogen
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16
Q

Why do alveoli have folded walls?

A
  • Creates a large surface area.

- Increases the rate of diffusion.

17
Q

Where does the carbon dioxide diffuse from in gas exchange?

A
  • Diffuses from the blood to the alveoli.
  • It moves from a high concentration to a low concentration.
  • It moves down a concentration gradient.
18
Q

Where does the oxygen diffuse in gas exchange?

A
  • Diffuses from the alveoli to blood.
  • It moves from a high concentration to a low concentration.
  • It moves down a concentration gradient.
19
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

Gas exchange is the delivery of oxygen from the alveoli, which can be diffused in the blood, and the removal of carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveoli.

20
Q

Why is the alveoli only one cell thick?

A
  • It makes the diffusion pathway shorter.

- This increases the rate of diffusion.

21
Q

Why do the alveoli have a good blood supply and a lot of capillaries?

A
  • To maintain a steep concentration gradient between alveoli to blood.
  • Increases the rate of diffusion.
22
Q

Give 4 features of the alveoli.

A
  • They are moist.
  • Thin - shorter diffusion pathway (gases to not have to travel far from blood to alveoli/ from alveoli to blood.)
  • Good blood supply/ a lot of capillaries maintains a steep concentration gradient between alveoli and blood.
  • Folded walls- to make a large surface area.
23
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen - carbon dioxide +water

24
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is when particles move from an area of high to low concentration.

25
Q

What is energy needed for in the body?

A
  • Growth and repair.
  • Movement.
  • Control of body temperature.
26
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide?

A
  • Add limewater to a test tube.

- If it turns cloudy/ milky then carbon dioxide is present.

27
Q

What does emphysema do to the alveoli?

A

Emphysema causes the walls of air sacs to break down. This carries less oxygen in the blood which is why people with emphysema find exercise extremely difficult.

28
Q

What is bronchitis and what causes it?

A
  • Bronchitis is caused by a build-up of mucus because certain substances in smoke damage epithelial cells.
29
Q

What does carbon monoxide do?

A
  • Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin in red blood cells.
  • Reduces ability to carry oxygen.
  • Puts strain on the circulatory syste –> heart disease.
30
Q

What does tar do?

A
  • Tar is a carcinogen that causes cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus.
31
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation?

A

Glucose - ethanol+carbon dioxide.

Science Year 9 (25 decks)

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