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Science Year 9 > Immune system/ Infectious diseases > Flashcards

Immune system/ Infectious diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 ways that disease can be transmitted?

A
  • Air (tiny droplets in air infect others.)
  • Direct contact - shaking hands, sexual intercourse
  • Water - dirty water transmits disease eg. cholera bacterium.
  • Vector - Any organism that can spread disease is called a vector. Cross-contamination over different species
  • Unhygienic food preparation - reheated, undercooked food can cause bacterial diseases eg. Escherichia
    coli (food poisoning.)
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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A pathogen is a micro-organism that causes disease.

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3
Q

Give an example of a virus in humans.

A

HIV (Human immunodeficiency disease) potentially leads to AIDS.

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4
Q

Give an example of a bacteria in humans.

A

Salmonella is an example of bacteria in humans.

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5
Q

Give an example of fungi in humans.

A

Athlete’s foot spread by touching infected skin/surfaces.

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6
Q

Give an example of a protist.

A

Malaria.

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7
Q

What are diseases caused by pathogens called?

A

Diseases caused by pathogens are called communicable diseases.

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8
Q

What are some diseases that cannot be caught?

A
  • Inherited genetic disorders eg. cystic fibrosis.
  • Deficiency diseases eg. a lack of vitamin c causes scurvy.
  • Diseases like cancer that develop because of carcinogens/ cell division occurs incorrectly.
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9
Q

What are viruses made of?

A

Genetic material DNA, surrounded by a protein coat.

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10
Q

What happens when a virus gets a host?

A
  • Infects cells and replicates them by replicating their DNA and protein coats.
  • The host cell bursts
  • Viral infections cannot be treated with antibiotics because they don’t have a cell wall.
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11
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A
  • HIV is transmitted by the exchange of body fluids.
  • By unprotected sex and by needles.
  • Can lead to aids, which destruct the immune system.
  • It doesn’t have a treatment but you can be given antiviral drugs.
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12
Q

What is measles?

A
  • A viral disease which is transmitted through the air in tiny droplets.
  • Infection of measles can cause infertility in adults.
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13
Q

What does the skin do to protect us from microbes entering the body?

A
  • Acts as a physical barrier.

- Sebaceous glands make skin acidic, preventing the growth of pathogens.

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14
Q

What do the nose, mouth, and eyes do to protect from microbes?

A
  • They all contain enzymes in snot, saliva, and tears which break down the cell walls of microbes.
  • Cilia keeps out dust and microbes and sticky mucus.
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15
Q

What is the function of the flagellum in bacteria?

A

The flagellum moves the bacteria in a whip-like motion.

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16
Q

What type of cell is bacteria?

A

Bacteria is a prokaryotic cell - meaning it has no nucleus.

Genetic information in plasmid/ chromosome DNA

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17
Q

What is salmonella?

A

A genus of bacteria that causes food poisoning. Eg. abdominal cramps, vomiting, and dithered.

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18
Q

What protist causes malaria?

A

The protists that causes malaria is the plasmodium protist

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19
Q

What is the process of the transfer of malaria?

A
  • Malaria is transferred through a vector, the mosquito.
  • Plasmodia in the blood produces sexually in the mosquito.
  • Plasmodia enters the blood of another person and produces asexually in the liver and red blood cells.
  • These blood cells then burst out.
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20
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

The symptoms of malaria include fevers, chills, headaches, vomiting.

21
Q

What are some ways you can avoid getting malaria without vaccination?

A
  • Covering up.
  • Don’t live near farm animals.
  • Mosquitos lay eggs in still water so ensure that there are no bodies of stray water.
  • Sleeping in a mosquito net.
  • Antimalarial drugs are also taken to treat the illness.
22
Q

Do Fungal cells have a nucleus?

A

Yes they do. They are eukaryotic.

23
Q

Do protists have a nucleus?

A

Yes they do. They are eukaryotic.

24
Q

What does sterilising water do to a waterborne disease?

A
  • Chemicals and UV light kill pathogens so that the disease cannot be spread.
25
Q

Give an example for a suitable hygiene procedure?

A

Washing hands and cleaning surfaces.

26
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

A vaccination is a process which involves introducing a small, weakened pathogen into the body, so that the immune system is prepared.

27
Q

What is the immune system?

A

The immune system is the body’s system that defends the body against the attack of foreign organisms.

28
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Phagocytes are white blood cells that surround pathogens and engulf them. This process is called phagocytosis.

29
Q

Why are phagocytes non-specific?

A

Phagocytes are non-specific because they engulf all pathogens in the same way.

30
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes are white blood cells which recognise antigens on pathogens and produce specific antibodies for specific antigens.
- Antibodies cause pathogens to stick together so that phagocytosis is a lot easier.

31
Q

What do lymphocytes produce to neutralize toxins?

A

Lymphocytes produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins.

32
Q

Why are lymphocytes specific?

A

Lymphocytes are specific because they produce antitoxins and antibodies specifically for a type of pathogen.

33
Q

What is an antigen?

A

An antigen is a protein on the surface of a pathogen which triggers the immune system.

34
Q

What type of cells record information about pathogens?

A

Memory cells record information about pathogens. B and T cells.

35
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Detect the antigens on pathogen and attack them.

36
Q

What is lag time?

A

Lag time is how long the antibodies take to kill the pathogens that enter the body.,

37
Q

What do antiseptics do?

A

Antiseptics clean the skin from bacteria.

38
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Antibiotics stop/ slow down the growth of bacteria internally.

39
Q

What does a disinfectant do?

A

A disinfectant cleans surfaces.

Treats existing illness.

40
Q

Why is a petri dish kept in warm conditions in an antibiotic practical?

A

To encourage the growth of bacteria to see how the antibiotic works.

41
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

Antibiotic resistance is when someone takes too many antibiotics so the pathogen becomes resistant to the antibiotic. If one becomes resistant to the environment it is in, it can reproduce through natural selection.

42
Q

What does the MMR vaccine protect you against?

A

The MMR vaccine protects you against.

  • Measles.
  • Mumps.
  • Rubella.
43
Q

What is vaccination?

A

When someone is given a small, weakened version of pathogen/ antigens to prepare the immune system for infection.

44
Q

What are live attenuated vaccines made from?

A

Live attenuated vaccine made from pathogen themselves. But a lessened version.

45
Q

What is an inactive vaccine?

A

An inactive vaccine is when the pathogen is killed.

46
Q

What are subunit vaccines made from and why do they produce more specific responses?

A

Subunit vaccines are only made from the antigens on pathogens.
- More specific it will trigger the lymphocytes to release certain antibodies which can then be remembered by B and T cells if people become infected.

47
Q

What is the difference between a painkiller and an antibiotic?

A

A painkiller eases the symptoms of a disease, used for viruses.
An antibiotic stops the growth of bacteria. Does not work for viruses.

48
Q

Give two ways the body protects you from disease.

A
  • Blood clots because of platelets.

- Hydrochloric acid kills micro-organisms.

Science Year 9 (25 decks)

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