The Renal System III (Lecture 12)

Question 1

______ is high plasma potassium

Answer 1

Hyperkalemia

Question 2

______ is low plasma potassium

Answer 2

Hypokalemia

Question 3

True or False: Hypokalemia May lead to cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, hypotension, confusion, alkalosis

Answer 3

True

Question 4

True or False: Hyperkalemia May lead to cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness

Answer 4

True

Question 5

______ is crucial to function of excitable cells.

Answer 5

Potassium

Question 6

In what three feature of the renal system is potassium reabsorbed?

Answer 6

proximal and distal tubules and collecting ducts

Question 7

Where is potassium freely filtered?

Answer 7

glomerulus

Question 8

Where is potassium secreted?

Answer 8

distal tubule and collecting ducts

Question 9

True or False: K+ secretion in distal tubules and collecting ducts is regulated

Answer 9

True

Question 10

______ regulates principal cells.

Answer 10

Aldosterone

Question 11

True or False: As K+ increases, less aldosterone is released.

Answer 11

False, more

Question 12

How does potassium reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

Answer 12

Can flow from lumen to proximal epithelial cell through an unknown mechanism

Can flow through gap junction

Can use sodium potassium antiport to flow from epithelial cell to peritubular fluid

Can use potassium channel from epithelial cell to peritubular fluid

Question 13

How does potassium secretion work in the principal cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct?

Answer 13

Sodium potassium antiport from peritubular fluid to principal cell

Potassium channel from principal cell to lumen of distal tubule/collecting duct

Question 14

______ is high plasma calcium

Answer 14

Hypercalcemia

Question 15

______ is low plasma calcium

Answer 15

Hypocalcemia

Question 16

True or False: Hypercalcemia can cause numbness, muscle cramps, exaggerated refluxes, hypotension and hypocalcemia can cause muscle weakness, atrophy, lethargy, hypertension, behavior changes, spasms.

Answer 16

False, vice versa

Question 17

What are the four reasons to why calcium balance is critical?

Answer 17

Triggers exocytosis

Triggers secretion

Triggers muscle contraction

Increases contractility of cardiac and smooth muscle

Question 18

______ stimulates calcium reabsorption where ______ inhibits it

Answer 18

PTH, calcatonin

Question 19

True or False: Free calcium is freely filtered at glomerulus

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What percent of filtered calcium is reabsorbed?

Answer 20

99%

Question 21

______ is is reabsorbed in proximal tubules
______ is reabsorbed in thick ascending limbs of the loops of Henle
______ is reabsorbed in distal tubules

Answer 21

70%, 20%, 10%

Question 22

What is the hormonal control of plasma Ca2+?

Answer 22

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Question 23

What is the stimulus for parathyroid hormone in regards to calcium?

Answer 23

decreased Ca2+ in plasma

Question 24

What are the 5 actions of parathyroid hormone?

Answer 24

Increases Ca2+ reabsorption by kidneys

Stimulates activation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in kidneys

Stimulates resorption of bone

Stimulates small increase in calcium absorption

Overall effect: increased blood calcium

Question 25

What is the negative feedback loop of PTH in regards to Ca2+

Answer 25

decrease in Ca+ in plasma increase in PTH secretion secretion which effects... In the kidneys, it decreases phosphate reabsorption, and increases Ca reabsorbtion leads to less calcium excreted in urine increase in 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol which leads to calcium absorption in kidneys and gastrointestinal tract in bone, it leads to ca reabsortion all cause increase in Ca in plama to increase

Question 26

What hormone controls to much calcium in plasma?

Answer 26

Calcatonin

Question 27

Calcitonin is secreted from _______ cells of thyroid gland

Answer 27

C

Question 28

What are the actions of calcitonin?

Answer 28

Increases bone formation Decreases calcium reabsorption by kidneys

Question 29

True or False: Increase in solute reabsorption increases osmotic gradient for water reabsorption

Answer 29

True

Question 30

True or False: ADH decreases the number of sodium channels in the apical membrane of principal cells

Answer 30

False, increases

Question 31

_______ increases ADH secretion.

Answer 31

Angiotensin II

Question 32

True or False: ANP decreases ADH secretion

Answer 32

True