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HN 320 > The Immune system III (Lecture 7) > Flashcards

The Immune system III (Lecture 7) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 steps to phagocytosis?

A

Attachment
Specific: damaged cells or protein- targeted cells
Proteins = opsonins

Internalization
Takes approximately 0.01 sec
Phagosome + lysosome → secondary lysosome

Degradation
Lysosome enzymes degrade phagocytosed product

Exocytosis
Elimination of some degradation products

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2
Q

______ communicate between leukocytes. Examples of these are IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α.

A

Interleukins

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3
Q

What are the actions of interleukins and TNF-α. in bone marrow?

A

Helps produce and secrete more leukocytes by:

  • Act as endogenous pyrogens
  • Stimulate fever via hypothalamus
  • Hypothalamus increases body temperature via prostaglandins
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4
Q

______ is the proinflammatory cytokine

A

IL-6

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5
Q

______ stimulates proliferation and differentiation of B and T lymphocytes

A

IL-1

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6
Q

Natural killer cells recognize abnormal or infected cells that cause lysis of pathogen by secreting ______.

A

Perforins

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7
Q

True or False: Natural killer cells can attack virus-infected cells without identifying virus

A

True

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8
Q

True or False: Natural killer cells can attack and destroy tumour cells.

A

True

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9
Q

______ are proteins secreted by leukocytes and virus-infected cells induce virus resistance in neighboring cells.

A

Interferons

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10
Q

______ is secreted from active T cells and NK cells and inhibits viral replication.

A

Interferon-γ

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11
Q

What are the 3 pathways involved in the activation of the compliment system?

A

Classical, lectin and alternative

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12
Q

The ______ pathway binds to antibodies attached to bacteria, the ______ pathway binds to mannose-containing carbohydrates on bacteria or viruses, and the ______ pathway binds to carbohydrates on bacterial cell walls.

A

Classical, lectin and alternative

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13
Q

What are the 4 complement protein functions?

A
  • Form (membrane attack complex) MAC to lyse cell
  • Chemotaxis
  • Trigger histamine release from mast cells
  • Act as opsonins (phagocytes)
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14
Q

______ recognize these structures and target them for clearance by allowing ______ to bind to the specific patter recognition receptor

A

PRR
PAMP
Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern

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15
Q

What type of PRR recognizes cell wall components?

A

C-type lectin receptors (CLR)

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16
Q

What type of PRR recognizes viral double-stranded RNAs

A

RIG-I

17
Q

What type of PRR recognizes both intracellular and extracellular pathogens

A

Toll like receptors (TLR)

18
Q

______ immunity is B-cell mediated and involves secretion of antibodies by plasma cells,

A

Humoral

19
Q

______ immunity is T cell mediated and involves lysis of cells by cytotoxic T cells

A

Cell-mediated

20
Q

What are the 4 features of specific immune response?

A

Specificity
Diversity
Memory
Self-tolerance

21
Q

What is associated with specificity in specific defense immune response.

A

Antigens

22
Q

______ are recognition sites for B or T cells.

A

Epitopes

23
Q

In the antibody structure how are the heavy chains and light chains interconnected?

A

Disulfide bridges

24
Q

What isdiversity in specific defense immune response.

A

Diversity in B- and T-cell antigen receptor types allows the immune system to recognize millions of antigens

25
Q

What are the types of B lymphocytes?

A 
Effector cells (plasma cells)
Memory B cells
26
Q

The ______ response takes 10-17 days after exposure and antigen-selected B and T cells proliferate and
differentiate into effector cells

A

Primary immune

27
Q

The ______ response takes 2-7 days to occur and the response has greater magnitude and is
more prolonged.

A

Secondary immune

28
Q

______ evoke production of plasma cells and memory B cells and ______ activate B cells without T cell help (Proliferate without IL-2 and cannot develop memory cells)

A

T-dependent antigens

T-independent antigens

29
Q

What is the most common class of antibody produced in the primary response to antigen?

A

IgM

30
Q

What is antibody is involved in allergies such as hay fever?

A

IgE

31
Q

What antibody crosses epithelial cells, so is present on mucosal surfaces and in breast milk; is important in immunity in newborns?

A

IgA

32
Q

What is the most common class of antibody in the blood, and the major class of antibody produced in secondary responses.

A

IgG

33
Q
  • ______ and ______: activate complement
  • ______: opsonization
  • ______: histamine release from mast cells and basophils
  • ______: NK cells
A

IgM and IgG
IgG
IgE
IgG

34
Q

What are the 5 types if antibody functions?

A 
Neutralization
Agglutination
Opsonization
Complement activation
Enhanced NK cell activity

HN 320 (17 decks)

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