The Immune system V (Lecture 9)

Question 1

______ is the process of eliciting a long lived state of protective immunity against a disease causing pathogen.

Answer 1

Immunization

Question 2

______ immunity is the immune response to vaccine or pathogen an individual gives immunity whereas ______ immunity is administration of ready-made antibodies (no long term immunity).

Answer 2

Active, Passive

Question 3

______ developed vaccines

Answer 3

Louis Pasteur

Question 4

______ is known as the father of immunity

Answer 4

Edward Jenner

Question 5

______ is a form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune.

Answer 5

Herd immunity

Question 6

______ has been responsible for some of the worst pandemics in history.

Answer 6

Influenza

Question 7

What are the two key viral glycoproteins?

Answer 7

• Hemagglutinin (HA)―allows attachment of virus to cells

* Neuraminidase (NA)―helps new virus escape from host cells

Question 8

______ involves a series of spontaneous point mutations that occur
gradually, resulting in minor changes in HA and NA over time.

Answer 8

Antigenic drift

Question 9

Why does antigenic drift occur?

Answer 9

High mutation potential of RNA genome
• RNA polymerase lacks proofreading capability
• Reason for changing flu vaccine formulation every year

Question 10

What is the original antigenic sin?

Answer 10

Once we have an effective response, we won’t initiate a new one until the old one is no longer effective at all

Question 11

True or False: Incompatible blood transfusion will result in antibodies quickly attaching to the donor blood cells and trigger complement proteins

Answer 11

True

Question 12

_____ is the most common immunopathology.

Answer 12

Allergy

Question 13

Allergy is mediated by?

Answer 13

Mediated by IgE antibody, mast cells and basophils

Question 14

What is the allergic response?

Answer 14

B cell (plasma cell)

• –> IgE antibody
• –>Mast cell (inflamed)
• –> vasodilation (increased capillary permeability)
• –> symptoms of hay fever

Question 15

WHat are the 3 early responses that occur within minutes of allergen exposure?

Answer 15

• Histamines-Vasodilation
• Prostaglandins-Bronchoconstriction
• Leukotrienes-Mucus secretion

Question 16

What are the late responses?

Answer 16

Often inflammatory cell types such as neutrophils and eosinophils and leukocytes activation and migration

Question 17

______ is a severe allergic response often initiated by an allergen introduction directly into the bloodstream, or absorbed from the gut or skin

Answer 17

Anaphylactic shock

Question 18

______ is repeated low-dose exposures via ingestion or injection to increased
doses of allergens

Answer 18

Hyposensitization

Question 19

______ is a problem in any factors of immune response can impair immune function

Answer 19

Immunodeficiency

ex, Hodgkins

Question 20

______ is inappropriate response of the immune system against self antigens. Tolerance to self antigens is lost and the host produces an immune response against self by T and B lymphocytes

Answer 20

Autoimmunity

Question 21

______ is a state of non-responsiveness to self-antigens

Answer 21

Anergy

Question 22

WHat are the five mechanisms involved in autoimmunity?

Answer 22

• Polyclonal activation of anti-self B and T lymphocytes
• Activation of anti-self B and T lymphocytes by antigens closely similar to self: molecular mimicry
• Release of sequestered antigens
• Anomalous antigen presentation
• Anomalous cytokine production

Question 23

______ tolerance is specific for self antigens in the generative (central) lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) and are deleted

Answer 23

Central tolerance

leads to inactivity of T cells that will respond to self antigens and therefore B cells will not get help from T cells

Question 24

______ tolerance is Mature self-reactive lymphocytes that recognize self antigens in peripheral tissues are inactivated (anergy), killed (deleted), or suppressed.

Answer 24

Peripheral

Tolerogenic dendritic cells render T cells anergic, not allowing for the production of cytokine or co-stimulatory molecules

Question 25

How does stress suppress the immune system?

Answer 25

Steroid hormones (cortisol)
• Decrease number of leukocytes
• Decrease anti-inflammatory activity