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Gastrointestinal Regulation (Lecture 4) Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the GI regulated?

A

To maximize absorption

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2
Q

The ______nervous system is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal system and can operate independently of the CNS

A

enetric

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3
Q

What are the four GI hormones are secreted from endocrine cells in the stomach and small intestine?

A
  • Gastrin
  • Cholecystokinin
  • Secretin
  • Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
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4
Q

______ is secreted from the stomach to help digest proteins?

A

Gastrin

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5
Q

______ is secreted from the duodenum and jejunum by fat or protein digestive products in duodenum.

A

CCK

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6
Q

______ is secreted by the duodenum and jejunum by acid in the duodenum.

A

Secretin

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7
Q

______ is secreted by the duodenum and jejunum by glucose, fats or acid in duodenum

A

GIP

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8
Q

______ stimulate secretion and motility whereas ______ inhibit.

A

Gastrin

CCK, secretin , GIP

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9
Q

In the long reflex, Increased ______ activity leads to enhanced GI activity

Increased ______ activity leads to reduced GI activity

A

parasympathetic

sympathetic

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10
Q

What are the three phases of gastrointestinal control

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

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11
Q

In what phase does stimuli originate in head, thoughts, taste, and smell are examples and requires input from CNS (long reflexes)

A

Cephalic

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12
Q

In what phase does stimuli originate in small intestine and long and short reflexes and GI hormones

A

Intestinal

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13
Q

In what phase does stimuli originate in the stomach and involves long and short reflexes as well as GI hormones

A

Gastric

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14
Q

______ is the hormone released from adipose cells when calories exceed demands

A

Leptin

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15
Q

True or False: Leptin suppresses hunger and increases metabolism.

A

True

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16
Q

What two hormones does leptin stimulate?

A

αMSH, CART

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17
Q

What are the 6 steps in the effects of satiety and orexigenic factors?

A

Leptin from adipose tissue stimulates release of α-MSH and CART from arcuate nucleus

α-MSH and CART travel to the lateral hypothalamic area to induce satiety and to the paraventricular nucleus to stimulate release of CRH and TRH

CRH and TRH trigger release of ACTH and TSH from anterior pituitary

ACTH stimulates release of cortisol from adrenal cortex

TSH stimulates release of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland

Cortisol and thyroid hormone increase metabolism in body cells

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18
Q

______ oppose satiety factors

A

Orexigenic factors

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19
Q

What are two types of orexigenic factors?

A

NPY (neuropeptide Y)

AgRP (agouti-related peptide)

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20
Q

True or False: Orexigenic factors do not promote eating and increase metabolism.

A

False, it does

21
Q

What is released when the stomach is wmpty?

22
Q

What are the three types of satiety factors?

A
  • Insulin
  • CCK
  • Neural input from mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors
23
Q

Saliva secretions are controlled by ______ nervous system.

24
Q

______ activity releases copious watery secretions

and ______ activity releases protein-rich, viscous saliva

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

25
True or False: Presence of food in mouth stimulates parasympathetic activity to increase saliva secretions
True
26
Acid and pepsinogen secretion is controlled by what 3 factors?
* Parasympathetic nervous system * Gastrin * Histamine (paracrine)
27
How does the Cephalic-phase regulation of secretion work?
Sight, taste smell etc. - --> increase in parasymp. - --> gastrin secretion in g cells - --> acid and pepsinogen secretion in parietal cells
28
How does the Gastric-phase regulation of secretion
Proteins and protein digestion products in stomach; distension of stomach - --> chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors - --> short and strong reflex, gastrin secretion in g cells - --> acid and pepsinogen secretion in parietal cells
29
What inhibits secretion in the gastric phase?
* Exit of food removes stimuli for secretion | * Increased acidity inhibits gastrin release
30
What inhibits secretion in the intestinal phase?
* Effects of food entry into the duodenum * Increased osmolarity * Increased fat and acid * Increased distension
31
______ cell are responsible for small volume of primary secretion and water, electrolytes, and digestive enzymes whereas ______ cells are responsible for large volume bicarbonate-rich secretion
Acinar | Duct
32
True or False: CCK stimulates acinar cells to secrete enzymes
True
33
True or False: Enzyme and bicarbonate secretion is regulated independently
True
34
True or False: Secretin stimulates duct cells to secrete bicarbonate
True
35
What is the secretion of bile for?
neutralization of acid and emulsification of fats
36
What are the stimulus in the duodenum that elicits bile secretion?
increase in acid and protein digestion products and fat
37
______ propels contents forward in the stomach.
Peristalsis
38
In the proximal segment ______ muscle contracts while ______ muscle relaxes as diameter decreases
Circular | Longitudinal
39
In the distal segment ______ muscle contracts while ______ muscle relaxes as diameter decreases
Longitudinal | Circular
40
______ is a type of motility of the small intestine that helps to mix chyme.
Segmentation
41
What is the swallowing reflex?
* Bolus descends in pharynx, pressing on epiglottis * Epiglottis covers glottis so food does not enter trachea • Inspiration is inhibited * Upper esophageal sphincter relaxes * Bolus enters esophagus * Sphincter closes behind bolus * Bolus stretches esophagus, triggering peristalsis * Peristalsis propels bolus to stomach * Travel time is approximately 9 seconds
42
True or False: Distension increases motility
True
43
What are the four phases of regulation?
``` • Cephalic-phase excitations • Anger, aggression • Cephalic-phaseinhibitions • Pain,fear,depression • Gastric-phaseexcitatory stimulus • Distension of stomach • Intestinal-phase inhibitory stimuli • Distension of duodenum • Contents: osmolarity, acidity, fat ```
44
______ reflex is when injury or severe stress inhibits intestinal contractions
Intestino-intestinal
45
______ reflex is when distension of ileum inhibits gastric motility
Ileogastric
46
______ reflex is the presence of chyme in stomach increases motility in ileum
Gastroileal
47
The ___ reflex is distension of colon in one area causes relaxation of other areas of colon
Colonocolonic
48
The ______ relex is when food in stomach increases colonic motility.
Gastrocolic

HN 320 (17 decks)

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