The Immune system II (Lecture 6)

Question 1

______ are white blood cells

Answer 1

Leukocytes

Question 2

Self-renewing ______ give rise to immune cells.

Answer 2

hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

Question 3

True or False: With age the number of HSCs decrease.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Within bone marrow, HSCs are constantly renewed and directed to differentiate into ______ and ______.

Answer 4

Myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

Question 5

______ first to respond to invasion by a pathogen, part of the innate immune system, and communicate the presence of an infection to lymphoid cells

Answer 5

Myeloid cells

Question 6

______ coordinate the adaptive response and generate memory cells, preventing future infections from
the same pathogen.

Answer 6

Lymphoid cells

Question 7

What are the five major types of leukocytes?

Answer 7

Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Agranulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

Question 8

_______ are 50-80% of circulating leukocytes found in the body, these numbers increase during an infection

Answer 8

Neutrophils

Question 9

True or False: Eosinophils are involved in tissue remodeling.

Answer 9

False, nuetrophils

Question 10

Neutrophils enter the bloodstream ______ hours to be delivered to infected tissue in ______.

Answer 10

5-7 hours, few days

Question 11

______ are 1-4% of total leukocytes and are involved in allergic reactions and release toxic molecules.

Answer 11

Eosinophils

Question 12

True or False: Eosinophils main contribution is in attacking parasitic invaders.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

______ make up <1% of all leukocytes and release histamines to blood vessel permeability and smooth muscle activity

Answer 13

Basophils

Question 14

True or False: Basophils are also involved in allergic reactions.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

______ make up 1-6% of total leukocytes that consist of macrophages and dendrites.

Answer 15

Monocytes

Question 16

True or False: Monocytes are antigen presenting cells.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What are the 5 types of phagocytic cells that increase in numbers during infection?

Answer 17

• Neutrophils (most abundant)
• Eosinophils
• Monocytes
  * Macrophages
  * Dendritic cells

Question 18

______ account for 20–40% of leukocytes

and account for 99% of interstitial fluid cells and can distinguish between self and non-self.

Answer 18

Lympocytes

Question 19

What are the three types of lymphocytes?

Answer 19

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Null cells (natural killer cells)

Question 20

______ cells are associated with antibodies and differentiate into effector cells or plasma cells.

Answer 20

B

Question 21

Plasma cells secrete ______.

Answer 21

immunoglobulins

Question 22

______ are specialized for the secretion of a single type of antibody, do not divide and die within 1-2 weeks.

Answer 22

Plasma cells

Question 23

_____ cells directly damage foreign cells and contact infected, mutant or transplanted cells.

Answer 23

T cells

Question 24

______ T cells destroy target cells and while ______ help the activity of other immune cells.

Answer 24

Cytotoxic

Helper

Question 25

______ cells are an important defence against viral infections.

Answer 25

Null cells

Question 26

True or False: Null cells have a slow response time.

Answer 26

False, fast acting immune response

Question 27

What are the 2 types of HSCs that mature in tissues?

Answer 27

Mast cells | Dendritic cells

Question 28

______ cells are the immune cells of skin a mucosa that secrete histamine and other substances.

Answer 28

Mast

Question 29

______ cells are similar to macrophages and activate certain types of T cells.

Answer 29

Dendritic

Question 30

Inflammation is an example of a ______ defense.

Answer 30

Non-specific

Question 31

What are the 5 steps to inflammation?

Answer 31

1. Macrophages engulf debris and foreign matter 2. Capillaries dilate and become more permeable 3. Foreign matter is contained 4. More leukocytes migrate to area 5. Leukocytes clear infection

Question 32

1. Macrophages engulf debris and foreign matter

Answer 32

* Triggers phagocytosis and secretions | * Secretory products trigger subsequent steps

Question 33

2. Capillaries dilate and become more permeable

Answer 33

* Damaged mast cells secrete histamine * Histamine triggers dilation and increases permeability * Result: increased blood flow and increased movement of proteins and cells to injured tissue

Question 34

3. Foreign matter is contained

Answer 34

* Mast cells and basophils → heparin * Heparin prevents clot formation initially so blood cells can access area Clot proceeds, scab formed

Question 35

4. More leukocytes migrate to area

Answer 35

* Margination: move to vasculature wall * Attachment: bind to wall * Diapedesis: move between endothelial cells Movement in tissue to injury: chemotaxis

Question 36

5. Leukocytes clear infection

Answer 36

* Phagocytosis | * Secretion of cytokines