Pregnancy (Tutorial) Flashcards
What are the two cycles of the menstrual cycle?
Ovarian, uterine
What phases occur in the ovarian cycle?
Follicle, luteal
What are the phases that occur in the uterine cycle?
menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phase
What does the hypothalmus stimulate?
GNRH
What does the anterioro pituitary secrete?
LH and FSH
True or False: Estrogen and progesterone are released from the overies and acts as an inhibitor to LH and FSH
True
What is the typical age of unset in menopause?
45-55
What are the four reasons why menopause occurs?
Limited number of eggs
Sex hormones diminish
Estrogen inversely related to LH and FSH level
Estrogen decreases, therefore, FSH and LH significantly increase
What are the most coomon sympotoms of menopause?
hot flashes, insomniam mood swings and irregular periods
What are the 6 stages to meopause?
- Decrease in primordial follicle capability (due to aging)
- Resulting in a decrease in estrogen production (due to decreased ovulation)
- FSH increases as a compensatory mechanism
- In turn, follicles become desensitized to FSH
- FSH fails to elicit ovulation
- Ovulation ends completely (menopause as we know it)
WHat are 3 ways to cope with menopause?
Meditation, adequate water, hormone replacement therapy
Why can late menopause occur
Longer life longevity, health benefits
longer estrogen in body
genetic inheritance, behavioural factors, physical activity and
fitness levels, and mostly age of menarche
WHat are the benefits to late menopause?
- Decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases and chance of stroke
• Decreased loss of bone density
• Estrogen exposure tightens skin-
look younger
• Longer fertility and potential for reproduction
What are the risks of late menopause?
- Increased chance of reproductive cancer development
* Psychological, social and sexual well-being jeopardized
What percent of the population has early menopause?
1%
What are the health risks with early menopause?
• Increased chance of bone degenerative diseases
• Increased chance of cardiovascular diseases, ischemic attacks, angina and
cardiovascular mortality
• Women have reported lower general and sexual well-being due to loss of ability
to reproduce
Fertilization occurs when each ______ sex cell fuses together to form a ______ cell within the uterine tubes.
Haploid, Diploid
Sperm breaks down the corona radiata of the oocyte to get to the ______ containing proteins.
Zona pellucida
The first sperm reaching the oocyte is transported into the egg’s cytoplasm which stimulates ______ and develops into an ovum.
Meiosis II
the DNA is replicated to prepare for its first mitotic division of the cell as a ______.
Zygote
______ is the cellular and vascular changes occurring in the endometrium
Decidual response
The ______ occurs 3-4 days after fertilization.
Morula
______ pregnancy occurs when implantation occurs outside the uterus.
Ectopic
The ______ attaches to the uterine wall.
Blastocyte
