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HN 320 > Pregnancy (Tutorial) > Flashcards

Pregnancy (Tutorial) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two cycles of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovarian, uterine

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2
Q

What phases occur in the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicle, luteal

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3
Q

What are the phases that occur in the uterine cycle?

A

menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phase

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4
Q

What does the hypothalmus stimulate?

A

GNRH

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5
Q

What does the anterioro pituitary secrete?

A

LH and FSH

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6
Q

True or False: Estrogen and progesterone are released from the overies and acts as an inhibitor to LH and FSH

A

True

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7
Q

What is the typical age of unset in menopause?

A

45-55

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8
Q

What are the four reasons why menopause occurs?

A

Limited number of eggs

Sex hormones diminish

Estrogen inversely related to LH and FSH level

Estrogen decreases, therefore, FSH and LH significantly increase

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9
Q

What are the most coomon sympotoms of menopause?

A

hot flashes, insomniam mood swings and irregular periods

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10
Q

What are the 6 stages to meopause?

A
  1. Decrease in primordial follicle capability (due to aging)
  2. Resulting in a decrease in estrogen production (due to decreased ovulation)
  3. FSH increases as a compensatory mechanism
  4. In turn, follicles become desensitized to FSH
  5. FSH fails to elicit ovulation
  6. Ovulation ends completely (menopause as we know it)
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11
Q

WHat are 3 ways to cope with menopause?

A

Meditation, adequate water, hormone replacement therapy

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12
Q

Why can late menopause occur

A

Longer life longevity, health benefits

longer estrogen in body

genetic inheritance, behavioural factors, physical activity and
fitness levels, and mostly age of menarche

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13
Q

WHat are the benefits to late menopause?

A
  • Decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases and chance of stroke

• Decreased loss of bone density

• Estrogen exposure tightens skin-
look younger

• Longer fertility and potential for reproduction

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14
Q

What are the risks of late menopause?

A
  • Increased chance of reproductive cancer development

* Psychological, social and sexual well-being jeopardized

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15
Q

What percent of the population has early menopause?

A

1%

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16
Q

What are the health risks with early menopause?

A

• Increased chance of bone degenerative diseases
• Increased chance of cardiovascular diseases, ischemic attacks, angina and
cardiovascular mortality
• Women have reported lower general and sexual well-being due to loss of ability
to reproduce

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17
Q

Fertilization occurs when each ______ sex cell fuses together to form a ______ cell within the uterine tubes.

A

Haploid, Diploid

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18
Q

Sperm breaks down the corona radiata of the oocyte to get to the ______ containing proteins.

A

Zona pellucida

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19
Q

The first sperm reaching the oocyte is transported into the egg’s cytoplasm which stimulates ______ and develops into an ovum.

A

Meiosis II

20
Q

the DNA is replicated to prepare for its first mitotic division of the cell as a ______.

A

Zygote

21
Q

______ is the cellular and vascular changes occurring in the endometrium

A

Decidual response

22
Q

The ______ occurs 3-4 days after fertilization.

A

Morula

23
Q

______ pregnancy occurs when implantation occurs outside the uterus.

A

Ectopic

24
Q

The ______ attaches to the uterine wall.

A

Blastocyte

25
Q

The trophoblast secretes ______ to help ingest endometrium

A

Proteolytic enzymes

26
Q

When approximately is the placenta fully functional?

A

18 weeks

27
Q

What is HCG secreted by?

A

chorionic portion of the placenta

28
Q

True or False: The the corpus luteum secretes large amounts of estrogen and progesterone

A

true

29
Q

______ is manufactured from androgens secreted by the adrenal cortex of the fetus

A

Estrogen

30
Q

When is the placenta fully functional?

A

18 weeks

31
Q

At the end of 1st trimester, the fetus will have?

A

Closed eyelids

32
Q

At the end of 2nd trimester, the fetus will have?

A

Major organ systems

33
Q

When can the fetus be born prematurely and have a high risk of survival?

A

7 months

34
Q

When does adrenarche stage occur?

A

6-7 in girls, 8-9 for boys

35
Q

When does gonadarche (release of primary sex hormones) occur?

A

11-12 for girls, 12-13 for boys

36
Q

What is the order of progression for females?

A

Thelarche, growthspurt pubarche menarche

37
Q

What is the order of progression for males?

A

Pubarche, Growth spurt, semanarche

38
Q

______ is stimulated by estrogen.

A

Prolactin

39
Q

______ promotes development of the alveoli

A

Progesterone

40
Q

______ promotes the development of tissue in the ducts

A

Estrogen

41
Q

True or False: Estrogen/Progesterone inhibit milk production where prolactin stimulates it.

A

True

42
Q

The hypothalamus inhibits prolactin production via ______.

A

PIH (prolactin inhibiting hormone)

43
Q

What are the physiological consequences in the follicular phase?

A

no LH receptor leads to underdeveloped oocyte

44
Q

What are the physiological consequences in the ovulatory phase?

A

Anovulation, Oocyte not secreted from mature follicle

45
Q

What are the physiological consequences in the luteal phase?

A

Endometriosis, POS, Hyperprolactinemia, miscarriage

46
Q

______ cause persistent high LH levels causing anovulation and arrest
of follicle development

A

POS

47
Q

______ is when increased prolactin secretion suppresses GnRH leads to inhibits secretion of FSH and LH

A

Hyperprolactinemia

HN 320 (17 decks)

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