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HN 320 > The Endocrine System (Lecture 14) > Flashcards

The Endocrine System (Lecture 14) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 sources if nutrients in the body?

A

Carbohydrates (glucose)
Proteins (amino acids)
Lipids (lipoproteins)

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2
Q

What are the 3 functions nutrients can be used for after intaken?

A

Catabolized for energy
Act as substrates for new molecules
Stored for energy (glycogen and fat)

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3
Q

______ is the main carbohydrate that is absorbed across the GI tract and the form that is circulating in the blood.

A

Glucose

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4
Q

______ is the form that carbohydrates is stored in and it is stored in the ______ and its percent stored is ______.

A

glycogen, liver and skeletal muscle, 1%

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5
Q

______ is the main protein that is absorbed across the GI tract and the form that is circulating in the blood.

A

Amino acids

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6
Q

______ is the form that proteins is stored in and it is stored in the ______ and its percent stored is ______.

A

Proteins, skeletal muscle, 22%

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7
Q

______ is the main lipid that is absorbed across the GI tract and ______ is the form that is circulating in the blood.

A

Monoglycerides and fatty acids (chylomicrons)

Free fatty acids, lipoproteins

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8
Q

______ is the form that lipids is stored in and it is stored in the ______ and its percent stored is ______.

A

Triglycerides, Adipose tissue, 77%

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9
Q

Energy output: heat ______% + work ______%.

A

60, 40

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of cellular work?

A

Mechanical work
Chemical work
Transport wor

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11
Q

______ is the rate of energy expenditure of a person awake, resting, lying down, who has fasted for 12 hours

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

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12
Q

True or False: The BMR represents the minimum energy expenditure necessary to maintain body functions.

A

True

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13
Q

Energy intake > energy output

is known as a ______ balance and energy intake < energy output is known as a ______.

A

Positive, negative

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14
Q

During the absorptive state, energy is stored in ______.

A

Macromolecules

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15
Q

During the postabsorptive state, these energy stores are then ______.

A

Mobilized

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16
Q

True or False: Metabolism during absorptive states means that excess nutrients will be secreted from the body.

A

False, they will be taken up

Liver and muscle store glycogen

Adipose tissue stores triglycerides

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17
Q

What is the percent of glycogen stored in skeletal muscle, liver , adipose tissue and the brain?

A

71, 24, 5, <1

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18
Q

What is the percent of triglycerides stored in skeletal muscle, liver , adipose tissue and the brain?

A

<1, <1, 99, 0

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19
Q

What is the percent of proteins (mobilizable) stored in skeletal muscle, liver , adipose tissue and the brain?

A

98, 2, <1, 0

20
Q

True or False: Metabolism during the post absorptive state means stored nutrients are broken down and mobilized.

A

True

21
Q

True or False: Glucose and ketones provide energy for non-nervous tissue.

A

False, nervous tissue

22
Q

True or False: Amino acids, fatty acids and ketones provide energy for non-nervous tissue.

A

True

23
Q

______ is the hormone of the absorptive state and ______ is the hormone of the postabsorptive state.

A

Insulin, glucagon

24
Q

Where is insulin secreted from?

A

from β cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

25
Q

True or False: Insulin promotes synthesis of energy storage molecules (anabolic reactions) and promotes glucose uptake by body cells.

A

True

26
Q

What are the four results of insulin secretion during the absorptive state?

A

Increased glucose in plasma

Increased amino acids in plasma

Increased parasympathetic nervous system

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like polypeptide 1 (GLP-1)

27
Q

What are the results when insulin secretion arrests during the post absorptive state?

A

Increase in sympathetic nervous system activity

Increase in epinephrine

28
Q

True or False: Insulin promotes protein break down.

A

False, it decreases it

29
Q

True or False: Insulin decreases gluconeogenesis.

A

True

30
Q

** What are the 7 actions of glucose on insulin secretions?

A 
Glucose is in high 
concentration outside 
the cell and moves into
the cell via facilitated 
diffusion.

Glucose is converted
to pyruvate through
glycolysis and enters
the mitochondrial matrix.

Oxidative phosphorylation takes
place in the mitochondrial matrix,
which releases ATP into the cytosol.

ATP then acts as a ligand and
binds to ATP-selective K+ channels,
causing the channels to close and
blocking K+ movement out of the cell

Blocked K+ movement
causes depolarization of
the cell membrane.

Depolarization opens
voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
and calcium enters the cell.

Calcium triggers insulin
release by exocytosis.

31
Q

Glucose enters β cells by facilitated diffusion through ______.

A

GLUT2

32
Q

What are the 4 things the role of insulin effects?

A

Anabolism to build up energy stores
Glycogen synthesis in liver and skeletal muscle
Triglyceride and fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue

Promotes glucose use for energy
Increases glucose uptake by cells

Decreases catabolism
Proteins, triglycerides, glycogen

Transport of nutrients across membranes
Except liver and CNS
GLUT4

Stimulate uptake of amino acids

33
Q

Where is glucagon secreted from?

A

secreted from α cells in islets of Langerhans

34
Q

True or False: Glucagon promotes both the breakdown of energy storage molecules (catabolic reactions) and glucose sparing for nervous system by diverting body cells to utilize other sources of energy.

A

True

35
Q

True or False: Secretion of glucagon during the absorptive state increases glucose in the plasma.

A

True

36
Q

What are the 3 actions of glucagon?

A

Mobilization of energy stores
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis

Synthesizes new glucose
Gluconeogenesis

Catabolic hormone

37
Q

In the liver glucagon decreases what two processes?

A

protein synthesis and glycogen sythesis

38
Q

In adipose tissue glucagon increases ______ and decreases ______.

A

lipolysis, triglyceride synthesis

39
Q

______ is normal blood glucose level where ______ is hyperglycemia and ______ is hypoglycemia.

A

70–110 mg/dL

> 140 mg/dL

< 60 mg/dL

40
Q

True or False: Blood glucose levels are maintained primarily by actions of insulin and glucagon

A

True

41
Q

What are the 3 effects of epinephrine and sympathetic nervous activity on metabolism?

A

Suppresses insulin release

Stimulates glucagon release

Characteristic of post-absorptive state

42
Q

Epinephrine in the post-absorptive state results in what 3 effects?

A

Decreased plasma glucose stimulates increased epinephrine release

Increased epinephrine stimulates liver
Glycogenolysis increases
Gluconeogenesis increases

Minor role compared to insulin and glucagon

43
Q

Insulin deficiency is known as Type ______ and deficient insulin response is known as Type ______ diabetes

A

I, II

44
Q

True or False: Hypoglycemia is a primary sign.

A

False, hyperglycemia

45
Q

A decrease in insulin will have what 3 effects?

A

Decreases α cells’ permeability to glucose
Triggers a falsely low glucose level
α cells increase glucagon release

HN 320 (17 decks)

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