The Endocrine System (Lecture 14)

Question 1

What are the 3 sources if nutrients in the body?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates (glucose)
Proteins (amino acids)
Lipids (lipoproteins)

Question 2

What are the 3 functions nutrients can be used for after intaken?

Answer 2

Catabolized for energy
Act as substrates for new molecules
Stored for energy (glycogen and fat)

Question 3

______ is the main carbohydrate that is absorbed across the GI tract and the form that is circulating in the blood.

Answer 3

Glucose

Question 4

______ is the form that carbohydrates is stored in and it is stored in the ______ and its percent stored is ______.

Answer 4

glycogen, liver and skeletal muscle, 1%

Question 5

______ is the main protein that is absorbed across the GI tract and the form that is circulating in the blood.

Answer 5

Amino acids

Question 6

______ is the form that proteins is stored in and it is stored in the ______ and its percent stored is ______.

Answer 6

Proteins, skeletal muscle, 22%

Question 7

______ is the main lipid that is absorbed across the GI tract and ______ is the form that is circulating in the blood.

Answer 7

Monoglycerides and fatty acids (chylomicrons)

Free fatty acids, lipoproteins

Question 8

______ is the form that lipids is stored in and it is stored in the ______ and its percent stored is ______.

Answer 8

Triglycerides, Adipose tissue, 77%

Question 9

Energy output: heat ______% + work ______%.

Answer 9

60, 40

Question 10

What are the 3 types of cellular work?

Answer 10

Mechanical work
Chemical work
Transport wor

Question 11

______ is the rate of energy expenditure of a person awake, resting, lying down, who has fasted for 12 hours

Answer 11

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Question 12

True or False: The BMR represents the minimum energy expenditure necessary to maintain body functions.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Energy intake > energy output

is known as a ______ balance and energy intake < energy output is known as a ______.

Answer 13

Positive, negative

Question 14

During the absorptive state, energy is stored in ______.

Answer 14

Macromolecules

Question 15

During the postabsorptive state, these energy stores are then ______.

Answer 15

Mobilized

Question 16

True or False: Metabolism during absorptive states means that excess nutrients will be secreted from the body.

Answer 16

False, they will be taken up

Liver and muscle store glycogen

Adipose tissue stores triglycerides

Question 17

What is the percent of glycogen stored in skeletal muscle, liver , adipose tissue and the brain?

Answer 17

71, 24, 5, <1

Question 18

What is the percent of triglycerides stored in skeletal muscle, liver , adipose tissue and the brain?

Answer 18

<1, <1, 99, 0

Question 19

What is the percent of proteins (mobilizable) stored in skeletal muscle, liver , adipose tissue and the brain?

Answer 19

98, 2, <1, 0

Question 20

True or False: Metabolism during the post absorptive state means stored nutrients are broken down and mobilized.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

True or False: Glucose and ketones provide energy for non-nervous tissue.

Answer 21

False, nervous tissue

Question 22

True or False: Amino acids, fatty acids and ketones provide energy for non-nervous tissue.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

______ is the hormone of the absorptive state and ______ is the hormone of the postabsorptive state.

Answer 23

Insulin, glucagon

Question 24

Where is insulin secreted from?

Answer 24

from β cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

Question 25

True or False: Insulin promotes synthesis of energy storage molecules (anabolic reactions) and promotes glucose uptake by body cells.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What are the four results of insulin secretion during the absorptive state?

Answer 26

Increased glucose in plasma Increased amino acids in plasma Increased parasympathetic nervous system Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like polypeptide 1 (GLP-1)

Question 27

What are the results when insulin secretion arrests during the post absorptive state?

Answer 27

Increase in sympathetic nervous system activity Increase in epinephrine

Question 28

True or False: Insulin promotes protein break down.

Answer 28

False, it decreases it

Question 29

True or False: Insulin decreases gluconeogenesis.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

**** What are the 7 actions of glucose on insulin secretions?

Answer 30

``` Glucose is in high concentration outside the cell and moves into the cell via facilitated diffusion. ``` Glucose is converted to pyruvate through glycolysis and enters the mitochondrial matrix. Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, which releases ATP into the cytosol. ATP then acts as a ligand and binds to ATP-selective K+ channels, causing the channels to close and blocking K+ movement out of the cell Blocked K+ movement causes depolarization of the cell membrane. Depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and calcium enters the cell. Calcium triggers insulin release by exocytosis.

Question 31

Glucose enters β cells by facilitated diffusion through ______.

Answer 31

GLUT2

Question 32

What are the 4 things the role of insulin effects?

Answer 32

Anabolism to build up energy stores Glycogen synthesis in liver and skeletal muscle Triglyceride and fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue Promotes glucose use for energy Increases glucose uptake by cells Decreases catabolism Proteins, triglycerides, glycogen Transport of nutrients across membranes Except liver and CNS GLUT4 Stimulate uptake of amino acids

Question 33

Where is glucagon secreted from?

Answer 33

secreted from α cells in islets of Langerhans

Question 34

True or False: Glucagon promotes both the breakdown of energy storage molecules (catabolic reactions) and glucose sparing for nervous system by diverting body cells to utilize other sources of energy.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

True or False: Secretion of glucagon during the absorptive state increases glucose in the plasma.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

What are the 3 actions of glucagon?

Answer 36

Mobilization of energy stores Glycogenolysis Lipolysis Synthesizes new glucose Gluconeogenesis Catabolic hormone

Question 37

In the liver glucagon decreases what two processes?

Answer 37

protein synthesis and glycogen sythesis

Question 38

In adipose tissue glucagon increases ______ and decreases ______.

Answer 38

lipolysis, triglyceride synthesis

Question 39

______ is normal blood glucose level where ______ is hyperglycemia and ______ is hypoglycemia.

Answer 39

70–110 mg/dL > 140 mg/dL < 60 mg/dL

Question 40

True or False: Blood glucose levels are maintained primarily by actions of insulin and glucagon

Answer 40

True

Question 41

What are the 3 effects of epinephrine and sympathetic nervous activity on metabolism?

Answer 41

Suppresses insulin release Stimulates glucagon release Characteristic of post-absorptive state

Question 42

Epinephrine in the post-absorptive state results in what 3 effects?

Answer 42

Decreased plasma glucose stimulates increased epinephrine release Increased epinephrine stimulates liver Glycogenolysis increases Gluconeogenesis increases Minor role compared to insulin and glucagon

Question 43

Insulin deficiency is known as Type ______ and deficient insulin response is known as Type ______ diabetes

Answer 43

I, II

Question 44

True or False: Hypoglycemia is a primary sign.

Answer 44

False, hyperglycemia

Question 45

A decrease in insulin will have what 3 effects?

Answer 45

Decreases α cells' permeability to glucose Triggers a falsely low glucose level α cells increase glucagon release