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HN 320 > The Endocrine System II (Lecture 15) > Flashcards

The Endocrine System II (Lecture 15) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average human body temperature?

A

37C

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2
Q

______ is a decrease in body temperature whereas ______ is a increase in body temperature

A

Hypothermia, hyperthermia

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3
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Rate of heat production in the body = Rate of heat loss of body

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4
Q

True or False: Heat production is a byproduct of metabolism

A

true

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5
Q

What two ways can muscle activity effect heat pridcution

A

muscle contractions, shivering

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6
Q

What are the 3 ways that food can affect thermogenesis.

A

Digestion, absorption, and storage of food

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7
Q

True or False: Most of the heat produced in the body is generated deep in organs

A

True

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8
Q

What are the 2 ways in how the rate that heat is lost is determined by?

A

Rate that heat is conducted from the body core to the skin

Rate that heat is transferred from the skin to the surroundings

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9
Q

What are the two things that act as a insulator to the body?

A

Skin and fat of the subcutaneous tissue

Fat conducts heat one third as readily as other tissues

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10
Q

True or False: Blood flow to skin from the body core provides heat transfer

A

True

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11
Q

As temperature decreases, ______ is more prevalent but as temperature increases ______ is more prevalent.

A

Vasoconstriction, Vasodilation

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12
Q

The control of heat conduction to the skin is by the ______.

A

SNS

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13
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of heat transfer?

A

Radiation
Thermal energy through electromagnetic waves

Conduction
Thermal energy through contact

Evaporation
Insensible water loss
Sweating

Convection
Heat transfer by movement of fluid or air

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14
Q

True or False: Clothing decreases the flow of convection air current

A

True

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15
Q

True or False: Clothing when wet makes high conductivity of water increases the rate of heat transmission through cloth by 20X.

A

True

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16
Q

Where is the intergrating thermoregulatory center

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

Where are thermoreceptors found

A

Central: found in CNS (hypothalamus)
Input about the core temperature

Peripheral: found in PNS (mainly skin)

18
Q

What are the effectors?

A

Sweat glands

Muscles
Skeletal muscles
Smooth muscle of cutaneous blood vessels

19
Q

True or False: Internal body temperature stays relatively stable in regards to atmospheric temperature change.

A

True (x^3)

20
Q

Increasing body temperature results in?

A

Cutaneous vasodilation

Increased blood flow to skin, causing heat loss

21
Q

Decreasing body temperature results in?

A

Cutaneous vasoconstriction

Decreased blood flow to skin, causing heat retention

22
Q

What is the negative feedback loop of thermoregulation in response to cold enviroment?

A

Thermoreceptors detect change

signal sent to integration centre

sweat glands decrease while vasoconstrction increses (limiting blood flow) and therefore reduces heat loss

In muscle, shivering occurs, which increases heat generation

all of this increases body temperature

23
Q

What can generate heat if an organism does not have shivering thermogenesis?

A

Brown fat

24
Q

_______ million sweat glands located in the skin throughout the body of humans

A

About 2.5

25
Q

True or False: 1 degree C increase in body temperature causes enough sweating to remove 10X the basal rate of body heat production

A

True

26
Q

What are the most common type of sweat glands and where are they primarily located?

A

Eccine, Concentrated in forehead, palms of hands, soles of feet

(active at birth)

27
Q

What glands empty into hair follicles, active at puberty and located in armpit and genital region?

A

Apocrine

28
Q

True or False: As sympathetic activity increases, sweat production increases

A

True

29
Q

Eccrine sweat glands produce a primary secretion of mainly ______.

A

water, Na2+, Cl-

30
Q

True or False: Na2+ and Cl- are reabsorbed in the duct and water follows the same direction by osmosis through eccrine sweat glands.

A

True

31
Q

Apocrine sweat glands produce sweat containing ______.

A

Na2+, Cl- as well as proteins and fatty acids

32
Q

True or False: The protein and fatty acids secreted on the skin surface providing nutrients for bacterial growth

A

True

33
Q

Exposure to heat for several hours a day will allow for development of increased tolerance to hot or humid conditions in _______

A

1-3 weeks

34
Q

True or False: No significant loss of Na2+ and Cl- in the sweat of a person that is unacclimated to heat.

A

False, significant losse

35
Q

Unacclimated person seldom produces more than ______ of sweat/hour.

A

1L

36
Q

True or False: Acclimatized person to hot weather can increase sweat production to 2 -3 L/hour

A

True

37
Q

True or False: Acclimatization can remove heat from the body at a rate of more than 2 times the normal basal rates

A

False, 10x

38
Q

Effects of acclimatization are due to increased secretion of ______ by the adrenal glands.

A

Aldosterone

39
Q

During fever white blood cells secrete ______.

A

pyroxenes

40
Q

______ are chemicals that induce fever through actions on the thermoregulatory centre

A

Pyroxenes

41
Q

True or False: During fever the body temperatures set point increases.

A

True

HN 320 (17 decks)

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