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Biology > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

difference between central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

A

CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: cells called nerves branching from CNS to all of body

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2
Q

What is the nervous system responsible for

A

allows organisms to react correctly to stimulus in their environment so that they can survive

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3
Q

Def. of stimulus

A

Any change in our environment

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4
Q

Impulse def.

A

An electrical message that is carried along a nerve cell

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5
Q

Receptor def.

A

A sense organ that detects the stimulus.

Eg. Eye, Ear, Nose

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6
Q

Effector def.

A

Receives a message and carries out the action/ response

eg. Muscle/Gland

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7
Q

Nerve cells
Function
another name
types

A

Function: carry impulses to and from the CNS to allow us to react correctly to stimulus
Another name: Neurons
Types:Sensory, Inter, Motor

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8
Q

Sensory neuron function and other name

A

Function: Carries impulses from Receptor to the CNS

Another name: Afferent Neuron

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9
Q

Interneuron
Function
Another name

A

Function:Connects sensory and motor neurons and carries messages within CNS-within brain and spinal cord to brain
Another name: Intermediate/Relay/Association

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10
Q

Motor neuron
Function
Another name

A

Function: Carries messages from CNS to Effector

Another name: Efferent

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11
Q

Process of response

A
  1. Stimulus occurs
  2. Receptor detects stimulus
  3. Sensory neuron sends impulse to CNS, Interneuron sends impulse to brain.
  4. Brain decides on a response
  5. Motor neuron sends an impulse to the effector.
  6. Effector carries out response
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12
Q

Structure of a neuron

Three types

A

(in direction of impulse)
Receptor-Dendrites-Dendron-axon hillock-cell body(soma)-axon-axon terminal
Along dendron/axon: The myelin sheath-schwann cells. Node of Ranvier in between schwann cells
Sensory: soma/Cell body sticks up and receptor at start.
Inter: Soma is on the dendron in the middle
Motor: Soma is near dentrites-no dendron, effector at end.

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13
Q

Functions of cell body

A

contains nucleus
makes other parts of the neuron
connects to the dentrites and passes the impulse to the axon

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14
Q

Functions of dendrite

A

Nerve endings

connects to another neuron or receptor and receives the information/impulse

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15
Q

Functions of dendron

A

Short fiber that receives information from the dendrite and carries it toward the cell body

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16
Q

Functions of axon

A

carries impulses away from cell body

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17
Q

Functions of axon hillock

A

part where cell body connects to axon

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18
Q

Functions of schwann cell and myelin sheath

A

makes the myelin sheath which insulates and protects the neuron.

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19
Q

Functions of node of ranvier

A

gap between each schwann cell.

speeds up the impulse

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20
Q

Functions of axon terminal

A

release chemicals known as neurotransmitters to pass the impulse to the next neuron

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21
Q

Other names for axon terminal

A

terminal knob,

synaptic knob

22
Q 
Disorder of the nervous system
Name
Causes
Symptoms
Prevention
treatment
A

Name: Parkinsons
Causes: Lack of dopamine (controls muscle contraction)
Symptoms: muscles become rigid, movement slow, movement difficult and painful, tremors
Prevention: no means of prevention
Treatment: giving L-dopa (converted to dopamine in body), physio, exercise with balancing and stretching, speech therapy, surgery to stimulate brain

23
Q 
Endocrine system vs. Nervous system
Cells involved
Message type
Carried by
Received by
Speed of transmission
Effects
Duration
A 
Cells involved: glands-sense receptor
Message type: chemical-electrical
Carried by: blood-neuron
Received by: target organ-effector
Speed of transmission: slow-fast
Effects: widespread-localised
Duration: long lasting-brief
24
Q

Structure of brain

  1. skull
  2. lining skull (2 parts)
  3. big brainy thing
  4. like a heart
  5. smoother thing near big brain
  6. seahorse thing-bottom (6), tummy (7),head (8)
  7. centre of everything
  8. dotty thing near seahorse
A
  1. Cranium
  2. Meninges and cerebro-spinal fluid
  3. Cerebrum
  4. Cerebellum
  5. Corpus Callosum
  6. Medulla oblongata
  7. Pons
  8. Pituitary gland
  9. Thalamus
  10. Hypothalamus
25
Q

What are the left and right sides of the brain referred to as

A

Hemispheres

26
Q

Function of Cerebrum

A

Controls language, memory, intelligence and consciousness

27
Q

Function of cerebellum (bella the ballerina)

A

Muscle coordination, movement and balance

28
Q

Function of medulla oblongata

obligated to

A

Controls breathing and heart rate

29
Q

Function of Meninges and Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Protects brain

Meninges-lining of fluid

30
Q

Function of Hypothalamus

A

secretes hormones to control the pituitary gland

near to the pituitary

31
Q

Function of Corpus Callosum

A

Connects right and left sides/hemispheres

32
Q

Function of Pituitary gland

A

Secretes hormones to control other glands

33
Q

Function of Thalamus

A

Sorting centre of all the messages that the brain receives and sends the message to the correct part

34
Q

Where are the following located on the cerebrum

  1. intelligence, memory, consciousness, language
  2. Vision
  3. Smell
  4. Hearing
  5. Taste
  6. Speech
  7. Motor control
  8. Sensory control
A
  1. front
  2. back (eyes at the back of the head)
  3. Underneath
  4. Centre
  5. Centre
  6. Centre
  7. Top
  8. Top (behind 7.)
    * (for 3-6 think of where they are positioned in the head)
35
Q

Right hemisphere functions

A

Controls left side of body
Art, Music etc.
If strong right side often left handed

36
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Controls right side of brain
Language, Maths
*right handed

37
Q

Transmission of impulse from one neuron to next process

A
  1. Pre-neuron transmits impulse
  2. Impulse arrives at synaptic knob
  3. Vesicles containing the impulse move to the edge of the knob
  4. Vesicles open releasing neurotransmitters to carry the impulse to the post neuron
  5. The neurotransmitters bind to the receptors on the post neuron
  6. The impulse is generated on the post neuron and travels along the neuron.
38
Q

What is the point where a pre neuron meets a post neuron called

A

a synapse

39
Q

What is a synaptic cleft

A

the space between neurons in a synaps

40
Q

Why are neurotransmitters needed at a synaps

A

Impulses are electrical and cannot cross a synaptic cleft. the impulse must be chemical to cross. neurotransmitters change the impulse to a chemical impulse

41
Q

Neurotransmitters def.
type of particle
example

A

Def: Chemicals released from the pre neuron to carry the impulse to the post neuron. Released from vesicles and bind to receptors
Type: Ions
Examples: Dopamine, Acetylcholine, Noradrenalin

42
Q

Inactivation of neurotransmitters
What it is
Why important

A

Once they have carried the impulse across the synaptic cleft they are broken down and digested by enzymes in the post neuron. they return back to vesicles on the pre neuron to be reused.
Important to prevent over stimulation of the post neuron and over firing of impulses

43
Q

Threshold def.

A

the threshold is the minimum stimulus that is required to cause an impulse to be sent.
A stimulus below the threshold won’t send an impulse
One above will

44
Q

All or nothing law

A

states that if the threshold is reached an impulse is carried, if the threshold is not reached an impulse will not be carried. Impulse is either carried or not.

45
Q

Refractory period

A

The short period of time after a neuron has sent an impulse that a stimulus can cause no response on the neuron. ie. the neuron has a short rest

46
Q

Importance of a synaps

A

Allows an impulse to be sent between neurons.
It prevents the over stimulation of effectors.
It controls the direction of impulses- neurotransmitters are only found in the terminal knobs

47
Q

Reflex action def.
examples
advantages

A

A reflex action is a very fast unconscious, involuntary response to an unexpected stimulus
Eg. Knee jerk reaction, Blinking, moving finger away from flame
adv: Protects from damage

48
Q

What is a reflex arc

A

Is a specific nerve pathway involved in this fast unconscious response to an unexpected stimulus.

49
Q

Pathway of a reflex arc

and diagram

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Spinal cord, brain
  4. Interneuron
  5. Motor neuron
  6. Effector
    Diagram: Dorsal root (enter via the door), Dorsal root ganglion, ventral root, White matter (outside), Grey Matter (inside), Neural canal (centre)
50
Q

Dorsal root ganglion function

A

swelling in the dorsal root caused by the cell body of the sensory neuron sticking up

51
Q

Spinal cord function

protected by

A

Function: Transmits impulses to and from the brain

Protected by: vertebrae, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

52
Q

White matter vs. Grey matter

A

White matter: On outside-contains axons

Grey matter: On inside- contains cell bodies and dendrites

Biology (43 decks)

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