Chapter 36 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Inorganic component of bone
Organic component
Inorganic: calcium
Organic: collagen
Functions of the musculoskeletal system
Support, shape, movement
Protection of internal organs
Makes blood cells
Protection of internal organs
Cranium
Ribs
Vertebrae
Cranium: protects brain and eyes
Ribs: protects heart, lungs, kidneys
Vertebrae: protect spinal cord
Making of blood cells
The bone marrow of the ribs and breastbone make:
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
The cranium
no. of bones
Movement
Function
no. of bones:20
Movement: no movement
Function: protects brain and eyes
Vertebrae Other name no. of bones Movement Function
Other name: spine Function: protects spinal cord no. of bones: 33 (24,9) 24-held by ligaments, move slightly, separated by discs of cartilage 9- fused, no movement
Names of 5 regions of vertebrae
Cervical (7) Thoraic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacrum (5)-fused Coccyx(4)-fused
C enclose TLS
Telephone 712554
Ribs
Function
Sections
Function: protection of organs (heart, lung, kidneys)
Sections (3)
True ribs (7) attached to sternum
False ribs (3) attached to cartilage attached to sternum
Floating ribs (2) not attached to anything
The two parts of the skeleton and what they consist of
Axial: ribs, cranium, sternum, vertebrae (protective bones)
Apendicular: pectoral girdle (arms) and pelvic girdle (legs)
Pectoral girdle
Shoulder and collarbone (scapula and clavicle)
Arm
Vertebra column
Pelvic girdle
Pelvis
Legs
Vertebra column
Joints def.
Types
Meeting point of two or more bones.
Types: immovable, slightly movable, freely movable (synovial)
Immovable
Also called fixed or fused
Eg. Skull or vertebra column(last 9)
No movement
Slightly moveable
Some movement
Eg. Joints in upper vertebra, with disks of cartilage (top 24)
Freely movable joint
Also synovial joint
Structure: cartilage at each end and enclosed by synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid)
Cartilage function
Absorbs shock
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane:secretes synovial fluid
Synovial fluid: friction free movement (prevents bones rubbing off one another and breaking down)
Movable joint
Types
Gliding (wrist, ankle)
Pivot (head and neck)
Hinge (knee and elbow)
Ball and socket (shoulder and hip)
Ball and socket
Degree of movement
Location
Degree of movement: many directions (360 degrees)
Location: shoulder and hip
Hinge
Degree of movement
Location
Degree of movement:one way/ bending
Location: elbow and knee
Muscles
Types
Voluntary (biceps and triceps)
Involuntary (breathing, digestion system)
Cardiac (heart)
Cardiac
Involuntary
Eg. Heart
Contracts strongly and does not tire easily
Voluntary
Also: skeletal or striated
Eg. Biceps and triceps
Function: body movement
Contract quickly and tire easily
Involuntary
Also smooth or unstriped
Eg. Breathing and digestive system
Contract slowly and tire slowly
Function of:
Ligament
Tendon
Muscle
Ligament: joins two bones together
Tendon:joins a muscle to a bone
Muscle: to move
Antagonistic muscles
Def.
Why
Eg.
Def: a pair of muscles that work together performing opposites to cause a movement
Why: muscles can only pull not push. Have to work together.
Eg. Bicep and tricep
Quad and hamstring
Example of a tendon
Achilles’ tendon
Disorder of musculoskeletal system
Name
Types
Symptoms
Name: arthritis
Types: Osteoarthritis (old age), Rheumatoid arthritis (immune system attacks joint)
Symptoms: swelling, warmth, pain and restricted movement
Disorder continued:
Causes
Prevention
Treatment
Causes: disease (gout, TB, infection of synovial joint), wear and tear, old age (cartilage wears away)
Prevention: good diet, good footwear, not putting excessive stress on joints and bones during exercise, exercise to strengthen muscles.
Treatment: Aspirin reduces swelling, replacement with artificial joint, massage joint
Structure of the bone
Head:
Cartilage at top
Spongy bone (contains red marrow)
Shaft: (outside in)
Periostem, compact bone, medullary cavity(contains yellow marrow)
Periostem
Tough fibrous layer surrounding each bone to protect it.
Compact bone
Calcium and collagen
Tough white outer layer
Protection
Collagen gives the bone flexibility (organic)
Calcium gives the bone strength (inorganic)
Medullary cavity
Hollow centre region
Contains yellow marrow
Yellow marrow function
Stores fat and can convert to red marrow
Spongy bone
And function of spaces
In the head
Spaces filled with red marrow
Function of spaces: gives strength without making bone too heavy
Red marrow function
Makes blood cells
Growth and development of bones
Bone cells involved in ossification
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Skeleton of embryo made of
Cartilage
Ossification process
Osteoblasts invade the cartilage Produce protein collagen Calcium phosphate surrounds collagen Produces a hard compound: bone Leave tips of cartilage Osteoblasts get stuck in bone and become osteocytes (stuck on cyte) Osteocytes remain dormant bone cells
How bones are dissolved
Osteoclasts responsible for this. They are found in the medullary cavity
They digest the bone that lines the cavity
They deposit calcium from the bone I tot he blood cells
Replacement/renewal of bone
Osteocytes are osteoblasts that got stuck in the bone when forming the bone
They do the same thing as osteoblasts and convert cartilage to bone
Why must bones be dissolved and renewed?
Important to prevent brittle, weak bones
Osteo….. Anabolic or catabolic
Osteoclasts:catabolic-breaks down bone
Osteoblasts and osteocytes: anabolic (involves dividing by mitosis)
Renewal of bone dependant on
Hormones
Hormones: growth and sex hormones lead to stronger, thicker, bigger bones.
Parthormone leads to release of calcium into blood once it is broken down by osteoclasts. This is essential so it can get to muscles for proper functioning.
Renewal of bone dependant on
Physical activity
Physical activity: stimulates osteoblasts to replace bone which leads to stronger and thicker bones
Renewal of bone dependant on
Diet
Essential to have sufficient calcium in diet to replace calcium broken down by osteoclasts
Structure of a vertebrae functions Meninges Neural canal Facet Neural spine Transverse process Centrum
Meninges: lines and protects neural canal
Neural canal: contains spinal cord
Facet: connects to next vertebrae
Neural spine and Transverse process: muscular attachment
Centrum:gives vertebrae strength
Lengthening of bone process
Occurs at growth plates (made of cartilage)
Located in between head and shaft
At growth plate cartilage is continuously converted/ ossified into bone
The growth plate is pushed further into the head as the bone lengthens
Growth continues until the plate is fully ossified
Lengthening of bone ceases
At adulthood
Lengthening of bone determines
Height of individual
