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Biology > Chapter 36 Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 36 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Inorganic component of bone

Organic component

A

Inorganic: calcium
Organic: collagen

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2
Q

Functions of the musculoskeletal system

A

Support, shape, movement
Protection of internal organs
Makes blood cells

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3
Q

Protection of internal organs
Cranium
Ribs
Vertebrae

A

Cranium: protects brain and eyes
Ribs: protects heart, lungs, kidneys
Vertebrae: protect spinal cord

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4
Q

Making of blood cells

A

The bone marrow of the ribs and breastbone make:
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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5
Q

The cranium
no. of bones
Movement
Function

A

no. of bones:20
Movement: no movement
Function: protects brain and eyes

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6
Q 
Vertebrae
Other name 
no. of bones
Movement
Function
A 
Other name: spine
Function: protects spinal cord
no. of bones: 33 (24,9)
24-held by ligaments, move slightly, separated by discs of cartilage 
9- fused, no movement
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7
Q

Names of 5 regions of vertebrae

A 
Cervical (7) 
Thoraic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum (5)-fused
Coccyx(4)-fused

C enclose TLS
Telephone 712554

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8
Q

Ribs
Function
Sections

A

Function: protection of organs (heart, lung, kidneys)
Sections (3)
True ribs (7) attached to sternum
False ribs (3) attached to cartilage attached to sternum
Floating ribs (2) not attached to anything

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9
Q

The two parts of the skeleton and what they consist of

A

Axial: ribs, cranium, sternum, vertebrae (protective bones)

Apendicular: pectoral girdle (arms) and pelvic girdle (legs)

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10
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Shoulder and collarbone (scapula and clavicle)
Arm
Vertebra column

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11
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Pelvis
Legs
Vertebra column

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12
Q

Joints def.

Types

A

Meeting point of two or more bones.

Types: immovable, slightly movable, freely movable (synovial)

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13
Q

Immovable

A

Also called fixed or fused
Eg. Skull or vertebra column(last 9)
No movement

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14
Q

Slightly moveable

A

Some movement

Eg. Joints in upper vertebra, with disks of cartilage (top 24)

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15
Q

Freely movable joint

A

Also synovial joint

Structure: cartilage at each end and enclosed by synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid)

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16
Q

Cartilage function

A

Absorbs shock

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17
Q

Synovial membrane

Synovial fluid

A

Synovial membrane:secretes synovial fluid

Synovial fluid: friction free movement (prevents bones rubbing off one another and breaking down)

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18
Q

Movable joint

Types

A

Gliding (wrist, ankle)
Pivot (head and neck)
Hinge (knee and elbow)
Ball and socket (shoulder and hip)

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19
Q

Ball and socket
Degree of movement
Location

A

Degree of movement: many directions (360 degrees)

Location: shoulder and hip

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20
Q

Hinge
Degree of movement
Location

A

Degree of movement:one way/ bending

Location: elbow and knee

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21
Q

Muscles

Types

A

Voluntary (biceps and triceps)
Involuntary (breathing, digestion system)
Cardiac (heart)

22
Q

Cardiac

A

Involuntary
Eg. Heart
Contracts strongly and does not tire easily

23
Q

Voluntary

A

Also: skeletal or striated
Eg. Biceps and triceps
Function: body movement
Contract quickly and tire easily

24
Q

Involuntary

A

Also smooth or unstriped
Eg. Breathing and digestive system
Contract slowly and tire slowly

25
Q

Function of:
Ligament
Tendon
Muscle

A

Ligament: joins two bones together
Tendon:joins a muscle to a bone
Muscle: to move

26
Q

Antagonistic muscles
Def.
Why
Eg.

A

Def: a pair of muscles that work together performing opposites to cause a movement
Why: muscles can only pull not push. Have to work together.
Eg. Bicep and tricep
Quad and hamstring

27
Q

Example of a tendon

A

Achilles’ tendon

28
Q

Disorder of musculoskeletal system
Name
Types
Symptoms

A

Name: arthritis
Types: Osteoarthritis (old age), Rheumatoid arthritis (immune system attacks joint)
Symptoms: swelling, warmth, pain and restricted movement

29
Q

Disorder continued:
Causes
Prevention
Treatment

A

Causes: disease (gout, TB, infection of synovial joint), wear and tear, old age (cartilage wears away)

Prevention: good diet, good footwear, not putting excessive stress on joints and bones during exercise, exercise to strengthen muscles.

Treatment: Aspirin reduces swelling, replacement with artificial joint, massage joint

30
Q

Structure of the bone

A

Head:
Cartilage at top
Spongy bone (contains red marrow)

Shaft: (outside in)
Periostem, compact bone, medullary cavity(contains yellow marrow)

31
Q

Periostem

A

Tough fibrous layer surrounding each bone to protect it.

32
Q

Compact bone

A

Calcium and collagen
Tough white outer layer
Protection
Collagen gives the bone flexibility (organic)
Calcium gives the bone strength (inorganic)

33
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow centre region

Contains yellow marrow

34
Q

Yellow marrow function

A

Stores fat and can convert to red marrow

35
Q

Spongy bone

And function of spaces

A

In the head
Spaces filled with red marrow
Function of spaces: gives strength without making bone too heavy

36
Q

Red marrow function

A

Makes blood cells

37
Q

Growth and development of bones

Bone cells involved in ossification

A

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

38
Q

Skeleton of embryo made of

A

Cartilage

39
Q

Ossification process

A 
Osteoblasts invade the cartilage
Produce protein collagen
Calcium phosphate surrounds collagen
Produces a hard compound: bone
Leave tips of cartilage 
Osteoblasts get stuck in bone and become osteocytes (stuck on cyte)
Osteocytes remain dormant bone cells
40
Q

How bones are dissolved

A

Osteoclasts responsible for this. They are found in the medullary cavity
They digest the bone that lines the cavity
They deposit calcium from the bone I tot he blood cells

41
Q

Replacement/renewal of bone

A

Osteocytes are osteoblasts that got stuck in the bone when forming the bone
They do the same thing as osteoblasts and convert cartilage to bone

42
Q

Why must bones be dissolved and renewed?

A

Important to prevent brittle, weak bones

43
Q

Osteo….. Anabolic or catabolic

A

Osteoclasts:catabolic-breaks down bone

Osteoblasts and osteocytes: anabolic (involves dividing by mitosis)

44
Q

Renewal of bone dependant on

Hormones

A

Hormones: growth and sex hormones lead to stronger, thicker, bigger bones.
Parthormone leads to release of calcium into blood once it is broken down by osteoclasts. This is essential so it can get to muscles for proper functioning.

45
Q

Renewal of bone dependant on

Physical activity

A

Physical activity: stimulates osteoblasts to replace bone which leads to stronger and thicker bones

46
Q

Renewal of bone dependant on

Diet

A

Essential to have sufficient calcium in diet to replace calcium broken down by osteoclasts

47
Q 
Structure of a vertebrae functions
Meninges 
Neural canal
Facet
Neural spine 
Transverse process
Centrum
A

Meninges: lines and protects neural canal
Neural canal: contains spinal cord
Facet: connects to next vertebrae
Neural spine and Transverse process: muscular attachment
Centrum:gives vertebrae strength

48
Q

Lengthening of bone process

A

Occurs at growth plates (made of cartilage)
Located in between head and shaft
At growth plate cartilage is continuously converted/ ossified into bone
The growth plate is pushed further into the head as the bone lengthens
Growth continues until the plate is fully ossified

49
Q

Lengthening of bone ceases

A

At adulthood

50
Q

Lengthening of bone determines

A

Height of individual

Biology (43 decks)

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