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Female reproductive system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

FRS diagram

A 
Ovary
Ovarian ligament
Funnel
Fallopian tube (oviduct) 
Wall of uterus (womb)
Lining of uterus (endometrium)
Cervix
Vagina
Vulva
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2
Q

Ovary function

A

Produce the eggs (ova/ovum),

produce oestrogen and progesterone

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3
Q

Fallopian tube function

A

Fertilisation

Transports egg from the ovary to the uterus

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4
Q

Vagina function

A

Allows entry of sperm

Is the birth canal for the exit of the baby

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5
Q

Cervix function

A

Opening of the uterus, separates the uterus from the vagina

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6
Q

Uterus function

A

Embryo implants here
Holds the embryo during pregnancy
Nourishes the embryo

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7
Q

Endometrium function

A

Inner lining of the womb

Lining with blood vessels to nourish the embryo

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8
Q

Female hormones

A

FSH->Oestrogen->LH-> Progesterone

Each causes the production of the hormone after it and inhibits the one before it.

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9
Q

FSH
Stands for
Produced
Function

A

Stands for: Follicle stimulating hormone
Produced: Pituitary
Function: Causes graffian follicles to be produced in the ovary.
Stimulates the production of a few potential eggs to develop in the GF.
Stimulates production of oestrogen

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10
Q

Oestrogen
Stimulated
Produced
Functions

A 
Stimulated: FSH
Produced: graffian follicle in ovary
Functions: causes endometrium to develop- prepare for pregnancy
Inhibits FSH
Stimulates release of LH
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11
Q 
LH
Stands for
Stimulated
Produced
Functions
A 
Stands for: Luteinising hormone
Stimulated: Oestrogen
Produced: Pituitary
Functions: Causes ovulation (GF releases egg into the fallopian tube), The empty follicle fills with yellow cells and becomes the corpus luteum (yellow body)
Stimulates release of progesterone
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12
Q

Progesterone
Stimulated
Produced
Functions

A

Stimulated: LH
Produced: Corpus luteum in the ovary
Functions: Prepares for pregnancy- maintains structure of endometrium
Inhibits FSH and LH

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13
Q

Egg production (before meiosis)

A

Ovaries produce the eggs, they are not yet divided by meiosis and are diploid. After puberty a number of eggs are produced by meiosis every month. (haploid) Only one egg continues to grow, the rest die.

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14
Q

Egg production (after meiosis)

A
  1. Once meiosis is complete, the egg is surrounded within the graffian follicle.
  2. GF produces oestrogen
  3. When mature the follicle bursts at ovulation to release the egg from the ovary. (LH)
  4. After ovulation the follicle fills with yellow cells and becomes the corpus luteum (yellow body)
  5. CL produces progesterone
  6. CL degenerates after a few days, so no progesterone, and cycle restarts
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15
Q

Menstrual cycle def.

A

The menstrual cycle is a 28 day sequence of events that produces an egg and prepares the body for pregnancy.

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16
Q

Menstruation

Start and end (during life)

A

Starts during puberty

Ends during menopause

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17
Q

Menstrual cycle day 1-5

A

Old lining breaks down and is shed from body. Loss of blood and tissue called menstraution.
New egg produced in ovary by meiosis, surrounded by graffian follicle
Hormone: FSH

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18
Q

Menstrual cycle day 6-14

A

Oestrogen produced by GF
Causes lining to build up to prepare for implantation
Stimulates release of LH

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19
Q

Menstrual cycle day 14

A

LH causes ovulation, GF bursts to release egg into fallopian tube.

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20
Q

Menstrual cycle day 14-28

A
  1. GF develops into corpus luteum (secretes progesterone which thickens endometrium)
  2. Released egg dies by day 16 if unfertilised.
  3. If unfertilised, corpus luteum degenerates on day 22
  4. Results in reduction of progesterone levels , and lining breaks down. Cycle restarts.
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21
Q

Fertile period def.

A

Days in the menstrual cycle when a woman has the highest chance of becoming pregnant if she has intercourse.

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22
Q

When is the fertile period?

Why?

A

Day 12-16
Egg released day 14, it can remain alive for 2 days after ovulation so if she has intercourse 2 days after ovulation it may become fertilised. The sperm can live for 2 days in the female so if the female has intercourse 2 days before ovulation, the sperm may still be alive when the egg is released and will fertilise it.

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23
Q

Which hormones cause development of secondary sexual characteristics

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

24
Q

Fertilisation def.

A

The fusion of the egg and the sperm nuclei to form a diploid zygote. Occurs in the fallopian tube (oviduct)

25
Q

What happens during fertilisation

A

Many sperm reach the egg at the same time. The acrosome releases enzymes to digest the egg membrane. The sperm loses its tail and the head enters the egg. The egg and sperm head fuse to form a zygote. A chemical reaction at the membrane prevents other sperm cells entering.

26
Q

Implantation def.

A

the embedding of the fertilised egg (zygote) into the endometrium. Occurs 6-9 days after fertilisation.

27
Q

Stages of the fertilised egg between fertilisation and implantation

A

Zygote—divides by mitosis by day 3—->Clump of solid cells called a morula —day5—>Blastocyst/blastula (hollow ball of cells) —travels down fallopian tube to uterus and implants–> Embryo

28
Q

When is the beginning of pregnancy

A

Once embryo implants in the endometrium

29
Q

Development of fertilised egg

Zygote

A

Fertilised egg

30
Q

Development of fertilised egg

Morula

A

Solid ball of cells

day 3 after fertilisation

31
Q

Development of fertilised egg

Blastocyst

A

Hollow ball of cells

day 5

32
Q

Development of fertilised egg

Embryo

A

Implanted blastocyst

33
Q

How does the egg move in the fallopian tube

A

Due to hair like structures called cilia

34
Q

Difference between identical and non identical twins

A

Identical: One egg fertilised and then splits

Not Identical: Two eggs are fertilised

35
Q

Outer layer of blastocyst and function

A

Called trophoblast

Develops into the amnion and placenta

36
Q

Inner layer of blastocyst

name and what it develops into

A

Called inner cell mass

develops into embryonic disc which develop into features of the embryo.

37
Q

Germ layers
def.
and what they develop into

A

Def: Layers in the blastocyst that form specific parts of a developing embryo.
Ectoderm: skin, hair, nails (Ecto and endo like amoeba)
Mesoderm: Muscles, Skeleton (M-middle-muscles)
Endoderm: Inner lining of digestive system, lungs, liver (Ls)

38
Q

Development of Embryo into a Foetus

Week 4

A

“Vital organs”-brain, heart, limbs

39
Q

Development of Embryo into a Foetus

Week 6

A

“senses”-eyes, ears, nose,

skeleton

40
Q

Development of Embryo into a Foetus

Week 8

A

Sex organs,
Cartilage replaced by bone
Known as a foetus

41
Q

Development of Embryo into a Foetus

Week 12

A

Sex of baby can be determined
Nerves and muscles develop so limbs move.
Foetus sucks thumb and urinates

42
Q

Amnion and amniotic fluid

A

Amnion: develops once embryo implants.
Amniotic fluid: Amnion fills with liquid
Function: Protects the embryo during pregnancy and acts a shock absorber

43
Q

Placenta
When operational
Forms from

A

Forms early in pregnancy
Becomes fully operational about 3 months into the pregnancy.
Forms from the trophoblast of blastocyst.
Links the baby and the mother

44
Q

Placenta function

A
  1. Passes food and oxygen and also harmful substances from mother to baby.
  2. Passes wastes from baby to mother (CO2, Urea, Salts)
  3. Placenta makes progesterone to keep the endometrium built up.
45
Q

How does the placenta form

A

Forms from the tissues of the embryo and endometrium.

  1. After implantation the embryo forms an outer membrane called a chorion which surrounds the amnion.
  2. The chorion develops finger like projections-chorionic villi
  3. The chorionic villi invade the endometrium forming the placenta.
46
Q

Why is it important that the mothers and babies blood doesnt mix

A
  1. The blood groups of mother and baby might not be compatible.
  2. The blood pressure of the mothers system may cause damage to the embryo.
47
Q

Gestation def.

A

The length of time spent in the uterus from fertilisation to birth
9 months in humans

48
Q

Beginning of labour

A
  1. Placenta stops making progesterone. The walls of the uterus begins to contract as a result.
  2. Pituitary releases oxytocin causing further contractions.
49
Q

Stage 1 of birth

A

Uterus contracts and pushes the foetus towards the cervix.
The cervix opens (dilates)
The contractions cause the amnion to break releasing the amniotic fluid through the vagina. (waters breaking)
Lasts 12 hours

50
Q

Stage 2 of birth

A

The foetus passes through the cervix and the birth canal head first.
The umbilical cord is tied and cut. This leaves a scar which becomes a navel (belly button)
Lasts 20 mins to 1 hour

51
Q

Stage 3 of birth

A

The baby is now born.
The uterus now contracts again and expels the afterbirth- umbilical cord and placenta
Lasts 10-15 mins

52
Q

What is Lactation?

Caused by

A

The secretion of milk from the mammary glands.

Caused by secretion of prolactin by the pituitary.

53
Q

What is produced at first in the mammary glands

A

Colostrum is produced. It is highly beneficial milk.

54
Q

Why does milk continue to be produced as long as the woman breastfeeds

A

Prolactin continues to be produced as long as it continues, stimulating the production of milk.

55
Q

Why breastfeeding is more beneficial than bottle feeding

A

Colostrum and breastmilk provides the baby with essential antibodies to protect against infection.
It has the ideal balance of nutrients for the baby.
Has little fat making it easier to digest.
Allows mother and baby to bond.
Helps mother recover and lose excess fat.

Biology (43 decks)

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