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Terminology 2 - Body Systems > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

A white crystalline derivative of choline that is released at the ends of nerve fibers in the somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems

A

Acetylcholine

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2
Q

The change in electrical potential that occurs between the inside and outside of a nerve or muscle fiber when it is stimulated, serving to transmit nerve signals.

A

Action potential

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3
Q

Total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensibility.

A

Anesthesia

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4
Q

One of the three meninges, the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.

A

Arachnoid mater

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5
Q

A star-shaped neuroglial cell of ectodermal origin.

A

Astrocytes

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6
Q

The system of nerves and ganglia that innervates the blood vessels, heart, smooth muscles, viscera, and glands and controls their involuntary functions, consisting of sympathetic and parasympathetic portions.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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7
Q

The appendage of the neuron that transmits impulses away from the cell body.

A

Axon

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8
Q

Any of a group of amines composed of a pyrocatechol molecule and the aliphatic portion of an amine.

A

Catecholamines

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9
Q

The compact area of a nerve cell that constitutes the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm, excluding the axons and dendrites.

A

Cell body

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10
Q

The portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. Also called cerebrospinal axis .

A

Central Nervous System

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11
Q

Of, pertaining to, or affecting the cerebrum and its associated blood vessels.

A

Cerebrovascular

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12
Q

The tissue in the brain responsible for making cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

A

Choroid plexus

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13
Q

Any of the various branched protoplasmic extensions of a nerve cell that conducts impulses from adjacent cells inward toward the cell body. Also called dendritic process , dendron , neurodendrite , neurodendron .

A

Dendrites

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14
Q

An area of skin that is supplied with the nerve fibers of a single, posterior, spinal root.

A

Dermatomes

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15
Q

A monoamine neurotransmitter formed in the brain by the decarboxylation of dopa and essential to the normal functioning of the central nervous system.

A

Dopamine

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16
Q

A ganglion on the dorsal root of each spinal nerve, containing the cell bodies of sensory nerves.

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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17
Q

The tough fibrous membrane covering the brain and the spinal cord and lining the inner surface of the skull. Also called dura , pachymeninx .

A

Dura mater

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18
Q

A muscle, a gland, or an organ capable of responding to a stimulus, especially a nerve impulse.

A

Effector

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19
Q

The delicate connective tissue surrounding nerve fibres within a bundle.

A

Endoneurium

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20
Q

Any of a group of peptide hormones that bind to opiate receptors and are found mainly in the brain.

A

Endorphins

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21
Q

The dense sheath of connective tissue that surrounds the trunk of a nerve.

A

Epineurium

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22
Q

A small bundle of nerve or muscle fibers.

A

Fascicles

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23
Q

Group of nerve cells forming a nerve center, especially one located outside the brain or spinal cord. Also called neuroganglion .

A

Ganglion

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24
Q

The billions of nerve cells in the brain are structurally supported by the hairlike filaments

A

Glia cells

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25
Q

Accumulation of serous fluid within the cranium.

A

Hydrocephalus

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26
Q

A nerve cell found entirely within the central nervous system that acts as a link between sensory neurons and motor neurons.

A

lnterneuron

27
Q

The three membranes that enclose the vertebrate brain and spinal cord: the pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater.

A

Meninges

28
Q

Any of the small neuroglial cells of the central nervous system. Also called Hortega cel

A

Microglia

29
Q

A nerve cell that conducts impulses to a muscle, gland, or other effector.

A

Motor neuron

30
Q

A chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system in which gradual destruction of myelin occurs in patches throughout the brain or spinal cord or both

A

Multiple Sclerosis

31
Q

A soft, white, fatty material in the membrane of Schwann cells and certain neuroglial cells: the substance of the myelin sheath.

A

Myelin

32
Q

A specialized, impulse-conducting cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system

A

Neurons

33
Q

Any of the various chemical substances, such as acetylcholine, that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse.

A

Neurotransmitter

34
Q

Small gaps in the myelin sheath of medullated axons

A

Nodes of Ranvier

35
Q

A substance, both a hormone and neurotransmitter, secreted by the adrenal medulla and the nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system. Also called levarterenol , noradrenalin .

A

Norepinephrine

36
Q

Their main functions are to provide support and to insulate the axons (the long projection of nerve cells) in the central nervous system

A

Oligodendrocytes

37
Q

The portion of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord.

A

Peripheral Nervous System

38
Q

The part of the autonomic nervous system originating in the brain stem and the lower part of the spinal cord that, in general, inhibits or opposes the physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

39
Q

The sheath of connective tissue that encloses a bundle of nerve fibers.

A

Perineurium

40
Q

The fine vascular membrane that closely envelops the brain and spinal cord under the arachnoid and the dura mater.

A

Pia mater

41
Q

Neurons whose cell bodies lie in the central nervous system and whose efferent fibers terminate in the autonomic ganglia.

A

Preganglionic neuron

42
Q

A neuron that is placed beyond a ganglion. It transmits electrical and chemical signals.

A

Postganglionic neuron

43
Q

A neuron from the axon terminal of which an electrical impulse is transmitted across a synaptic cleft to the cell body or one or more dendrites of a postsynaptic neuron.

A

Presynaptic neuron

44
Q

A neuron to the cell body or dendrite of which an electrical impulse is transmitted across a synaptic cleft by the release of a chemical neurotransmitter from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron.

A

Postsynaptic neuron

45
Q

A specialized cell or group of nerve endings that responds to sensory stimuli.

A

Receptors

46
Q

The nerve pathways followed by an impulse during a reflex.

A

Reflex arc

47
Q

A form of nerve impulse conduction in which the impulse jumps from one Ranvier’s node to the next, rather than traveling the entire length of the nerve fiber.

A

Saltatory conduction

48
Q

A cell of the peripheral nervous system that wraps around a nerve fiber, jelly-roll fashion, forming the myelin sheath.

A

Schwann cells

49
Q

A nerve cell that conducts impulses from a sense organ to the central nervous system.

A

Sensory neuron

50
Q

A vasoconstrictor, liberated by blood platelets, that inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates smooth muscle

A

Serotonin

51
Q

Of, relating to, or affecting the body, especially as distinguished from a body part.

A

Somatic

52
Q

The part of the autonomic nervous system originating in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord that in general inhibits or opposes the physiological effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

53
Q

The junction across which a nerve impulse passes from an axon terminal to a neuron, a muscle cell, or a gland cell.

A

Synapse

54
Q

The small gap, measured in nanometers, between an axon terminal and any of the cell membranes in the immediate vicinity.

A

Synaptic cleft

55
Q

A combining form of cerebellum.

A

cerebell/o

56
Q

A combining form of cerebrum

A

cerebr/o

57
Q

A combining form meaning “tree-like”

A

dendr/o

58
Q

A combining form meaning “brain”

A

encephal/o

59
Q

A combining form meaning “fiber”

A

fibr/o

60
Q

A combining form representing meninges

A

mening/o

61
Q

A combining form meaning “marrow” ,“of the spinal cord ” .

A

myel/o

62
Q

A combining form meaning “muscle”.

A

my/o

63
Q

A combining form meaning “nerve,” “nerves, ” “nervous system ”.

A

neur/o

Terminology 2 - Body Systems (15 decks)

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