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Anatomy And Physiology > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue controls and integrates all body activities, within limit, that maintain life?

A

Nervous tissue

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of nervous tissue?

A
  • sensing change
  • interpreting ans remembering change
  • reacting to change
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3
Q

What are the 2 general functions of the nervous tissue?

A

communicating and control

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4
Q

What are the 6 major structures in the nervous system?

A
  • brain
  • cranial nerves
  • spinal cord
  • spinal nerves
  • enteric plexus
  • sensory receptors
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5
Q

What is an enteric plexis?

A

a bundle of nerves that control GI function; brain doesn’t control

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6
Q

What does the central nervous system include?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system include?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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8
Q

What are the 2 main nerves in the PNS?

A 
Motor nerves (sends message from CNS to muscles, or glands)
Sensory nerves ( send messages from sensory receptors to CNS
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9
Q

What are the 3 functional divisions of the PNS?

A
  • somatic (voluntary)
  • autonomic (involuntary)
  • enteric (ENS independant)
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10
Q

In the somatic nervous system sensory neurons and special sense receptors send messages to _______.

A

CNS

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11
Q

In the somatic nervous system motor neurons receive messages from CNS to _______ muscle.

A

Skeletal muscle

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12
Q

In the autonomic nervous system sensory receptors from ____ ____ send messages to CNS.

A

visceral organs

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13
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the ANS (autonomic nervous system)?

A
  • sympathetic

- parasympathetic

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14
Q

What is the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

controls fight or flight response (energy)

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15
Q

What is the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

controls resting and digesting (relaxation)

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16
Q

What does the enteric nervous system do?

A
  • the enteric nervous system is a network of sensory and motor neurons in the GI tract
  • functions independantly
  • controls GI function
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17
Q

Nervous tissue is composed of 2 different types of cells, name them.

A
  • neurons (nerve cells)

- neuroglial cells

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18
Q

What is a neuron?

A

an individual nerve cell that i sthe functional unit of the nervous system and is electrically excitable

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19
Q

What is another name for the nerve cell body?

A

stoma

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20
Q

What are some characteristics of the stoma?

A
  • has a nucleus
  • cytoplasm has usual organelles as well as;
    a. Nissl bodies (clusters of rough ER)
    b. neurofilaments (give shape and support)
    c. microtubules (intracellular transport)
    d. lipofiscin pigment granules ( not sure of role but they increase in amount as we age)
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21
Q

What are some characteristics of dendrites?

A
  • usually short and highly branched
  • unmylinated
  • specialized for contact with other neurons
  • conducts impulses toward the cell body
  • contain neurofibrils and nissl bodies
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22
Q

An action potential moves from _______ to the _______.

A

a. dendrites

b. axon terminals

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23
Q

What are some characteristics of axons?

A
  • long slender process arising from axon hillock
  • contains mitochondria, microtubules, neurofibrils
  • conducts impulses away from the cell body
  • axon terminals (at the end) contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitters
24
Q

What is an axon hillock?

A

narrowing of the cell body

25
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?

A
  • sensory (afferent) neurons
  • motor (efferent) neurons
  • inter (association) neurons
26
Q

What is an afferent neurons?

A

a sensory neurons that transmits sensory info from the skin, muscle, joints, sense organs, and viscera to the CNS;
APPROACHES CNS

27
Q

What is an efferent neurons?

A

EXITS CNS;

transmits motor nerve impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands

28
Q

What is an association neuron?

A

aka interneuron; CONNECTS neurons within the CNS (makes up 90% of neurons)

29
Q

What is the most common type of neuron classification?

A

multipolar; has several dedrites and one axon (joe blow neuron)

30
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications of neurons?

A
  • multi polar (average)
  • bi polar (one main dendrite, one axon_)
  • uni polar (one process only, and is always sensory neurons)
31
Q

What does a multipolar neuron look like?

A
  • most common cell type
  • several dendrites
  • one axon
32
Q

What does a bipolar neuron look like?

A

(found in the retina, inner ear and olfactory system)

- one main dendrite and one main axon

33
Q

What does a unipolar neuron look like?

A
  • has one process

- sensory nerves type

34
Q

What are 2 types of association neurons?

A
  • Purkije cell

- pyramidal cell

35
Q

What is neuroglia?

A

(literally means nerve glue)

  • smaller than neurons but are 50x more plentiful
  • make up half the volume of the CNS
  • support neurons ans connect them to blood vessels
  • capable of mitosis
36
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS?

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendricytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
37
Q

What are the 2 types of glial cells in the PNS?

A
  • satelite cells

- schwann cells

38
Q

What are the characteristics of astrocytes?

A
  • star shaped
  • cover blood capillaries and anchor them
  • metabolize neurotransmitters
  • regulate Ca and P balance
  • occupy nearly half the neural tissue volume
39
Q

What are some characteristics of oligodendrocytes?

A
  • form myelin sheaths around multiple CNS axons
40
Q

What are some characteristics of microglia?

A
  • small macrophages that remove dead damaged neurons
41
Q

What are some characteristics of ependymal cells?

A
  • form epithelial membrane lining ventricles and canals in the CNS
  • produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
42
Q

What are some characteristics of satellite cells?

A
  • surround neural cell bodies in peripheral ganglia

- support neurons in PNS ganglia

43
Q

Define Ganglion.

A

Anatomy a structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fiber.
• a network of cells forming a nerve center in the nervous system of an invertebrate.

44
Q

What are some characteristics of Schwann cells?

A
  • surround PNS axons
  • form myelin around PNS axons
  • separated by nodes of Ranvier
45
Q

In the CNS, grey matters is ________ and white matter is________, in regards to myelin.

A
  • grey matter is unmyelinated

- white matter is myelinated

46
Q

When and where do myelin sheaths form in the PNS?

A
  • the Schwann cells in the PNS form myelin during fetal development
  • cytoplasm an nucleus of schwann cells form neurolemma
  • myelin sheath lies deep in the neurolemma
47
Q

Define neurolemma.

A

the thin sheath around a nerve axon (including myelin where this is present).

48
Q

What is the space between myelin called?

A

nodes of Ranvier

49
Q

What are some characteristics of myelin?

A
  • composed of lipids and proteins
  • acts as a electrical insulator
  • increases speed of conduction of nerve impulses
  • myelin fibers appear white due to wrapping of myelin
50
Q

Characteristics of unmyelinated fibres.

A
  • slow small diameter fibres

- surrounded by neurolemma but no myelin sheath

51
Q

Characteristics of myelin in the CNS.

A
  • broad flat processes of oligodendrocytes wrap CNS axon

- no neurolemma, so little regrowth occurs following damage

52
Q

White matter is….

A

myelinated nerve cell bodies

53
Q

Grey matter is…

A

nerve cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, bundles of unmyelinated axons and neuroglia

54
Q

Grey matter forms what shape in the spinal cord?

A

H shape

55
Q

In the brain grey matter forms what?

A

a thin outer shell on the surface (cortex) of the brain and is found deep in clusters called nuclei

Anatomy And Physiology (18 decks)

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