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Anatomy And Physiology > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue controls and integrates all body activities, within limit, that maintain life?

A

Nervous tissue

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of nervous tissue?

A
  • sensing change
  • interpreting ans remembering change
  • reacting to change
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3
Q

What are the 2 general functions of the nervous tissue?

A

communicating and control

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4
Q

What are the 6 major structures in the nervous system?

A
  • brain
  • cranial nerves
  • spinal cord
  • spinal nerves
  • enteric plexus
  • sensory receptors
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5
Q

What is an enteric plexis?

A

a bundle of nerves that control GI function; brain doesn’t control

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6
Q

What does the central nervous system include?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system include?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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8
Q

What are the 2 main nerves in the PNS?

A 
Motor nerves (sends message from CNS to muscles, or glands)
Sensory nerves ( send messages from sensory receptors to CNS
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9
Q

What are the 3 functional divisions of the PNS?

A
  • somatic (voluntary)
  • autonomic (involuntary)
  • enteric (ENS independant)
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10
Q

In the somatic nervous system sensory neurons and special sense receptors send messages to _______.

A

CNS

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11
Q

In the somatic nervous system motor neurons receive messages from CNS to _______ muscle.

A

Skeletal muscle

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12
Q

In the autonomic nervous system sensory receptors from ____ ____ send messages to CNS.

A

visceral organs

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13
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the ANS (autonomic nervous system)?

A
  • sympathetic

- parasympathetic

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14
Q

What is the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

controls fight or flight response (energy)

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15
Q

What is the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

controls resting and digesting (relaxation)

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16
Q

What does the enteric nervous system do?

A
  • the enteric nervous system is a network of sensory and motor neurons in the GI tract
  • functions independantly
  • controls GI function
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17
Q

Nervous tissue is composed of 2 different types of cells, name them.

A
  • neurons (nerve cells)

- neuroglial cells

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18
Q

What is a neuron?

A

an individual nerve cell that i sthe functional unit of the nervous system and is electrically excitable

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19
Q

What is another name for the nerve cell body?

A

stoma

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20
Q

What are some characteristics of the stoma?

A
  • has a nucleus
  • cytoplasm has usual organelles as well as;
    a. Nissl bodies (clusters of rough ER)
    b. neurofilaments (give shape and support)
    c. microtubules (intracellular transport)
    d. lipofiscin pigment granules ( not sure of role but they increase in amount as we age)
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21
Q

What are some characteristics of dendrites?

A
  • usually short and highly branched
  • unmylinated
  • specialized for contact with other neurons
  • conducts impulses toward the cell body
  • contain neurofibrils and nissl bodies
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22
Q

An action potential moves from _______ to the _______.

A

a. dendrites

b. axon terminals

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23
Q

What are some characteristics of axons?

A
  • long slender process arising from axon hillock
  • contains mitochondria, microtubules, neurofibrils
  • conducts impulses away from the cell body
  • axon terminals (at the end) contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitters
24
Q

What is an axon hillock?

A

narrowing of the cell body

25
What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?
- sensory (afferent) neurons - motor (efferent) neurons - inter (association) neurons
26
What is an afferent neurons?
a sensory neurons that transmits sensory info from the skin, muscle, joints, sense organs, and viscera to the CNS; APPROACHES CNS
27
What is an efferent neurons?
EXITS CNS; | transmits motor nerve impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands
28
What is an association neuron?
aka interneuron; CONNECTS neurons within the CNS (makes up 90% of neurons)
29
What is the most common type of neuron classification?
multipolar; has several dedrites and one axon (joe blow neuron)
30
What are the 3 structural classifications of neurons?
- multi polar (average) - bi polar (one main dendrite, one axon_) - uni polar (one process only, and is always sensory neurons)
31
What does a multipolar neuron look like?
- most common cell type - several dendrites - one axon
32
What does a bipolar neuron look like?
(found in the retina, inner ear and olfactory system) | - one main dendrite and one main axon
33
What does a unipolar neuron look like?
- has one process | - sensory nerves type
34
What are 2 types of association neurons?
- Purkije cell | - pyramidal cell
35
What is neuroglia?
(literally means nerve glue) - smaller than neurons but are 50x more plentiful - make up half the volume of the CNS - support neurons ans connect them to blood vessels - capable of mitosis
36
What are the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS?
- astrocytes - oligodendricytes - microglia - ependymal cells
37
What are the 2 types of glial cells in the PNS?
- satelite cells | - schwann cells
38
What are the characteristics of astrocytes?
- star shaped - cover blood capillaries and anchor them - metabolize neurotransmitters - regulate Ca and P balance - occupy nearly half the neural tissue volume
39
What are some characteristics of oligodendrocytes?
- form myelin sheaths around multiple CNS axons
40
What are some characteristics of microglia?
- small macrophages that remove dead damaged neurons
41
What are some characteristics of ependymal cells?
- form epithelial membrane lining ventricles and canals in the CNS - produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
42
What are some characteristics of satellite cells?
- surround neural cell bodies in peripheral ganglia | - support neurons in PNS ganglia
43
Define Ganglion.
Anatomy a structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fiber. • a network of cells forming a nerve center in the nervous system of an invertebrate.
44
What are some characteristics of Schwann cells?
- surround PNS axons - form myelin around PNS axons - separated by nodes of Ranvier
45
In the CNS, grey matters is ________ and white matter is________, in regards to myelin.
- grey matter is unmyelinated | - white matter is myelinated
46
When and where do myelin sheaths form in the PNS?
- the Schwann cells in the PNS form myelin during fetal development - cytoplasm an nucleus of schwann cells form neurolemma - myelin sheath lies deep in the neurolemma
47
Define neurolemma.
the thin sheath around a nerve axon (including myelin where this is present).
48
What is the space between myelin called?
nodes of Ranvier
49
What are some characteristics of myelin?
- composed of lipids and proteins - acts as a electrical insulator - increases speed of conduction of nerve impulses - myelin fibers appear white due to wrapping of myelin
50
Characteristics of unmyelinated fibres.
- slow small diameter fibres | - surrounded by neurolemma but no myelin sheath
51
Characteristics of myelin in the CNS.
- broad flat processes of oligodendrocytes wrap CNS axon | - no neurolemma, so little regrowth occurs following damage
52
White matter is....
myelinated nerve cell bodies
53
Grey matter is...
nerve cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, bundles of unmyelinated axons and neuroglia
54
Grey matter forms what shape in the spinal cord?
H shape
55
In the brain grey matter forms what?
a thin outer shell on the surface (cortex) of the brain and is found deep in clusters called nuclei

Anatomy And Physiology (18 decks)

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