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Anatomy And Physiology > Homeostasis Of Fluid And Electrolytes > Flashcards

Homeostasis Of Fluid And Electrolytes Flashcards

0
Q

How much body fluid is in an average male adult human

A

60%

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1
Q

Homeostasis of cells depends on

A

Homeostasis of body fluids

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2
Q

What 4 mechanisms need to be regulated with body fluids

A

Volume
Distribution
Concentration of solutes
pH

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3
Q

What are the two main fluid compartments

A

Intracellular (in the cell)

Extracellular (outside the cell)

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4
Q

What types of extracellular fluid is there?

A 
Intravascular (in the blood)
Interstitial fluid (inbetween cells), and transcellular fluid (just know it's there)
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5
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Is a type of extracellular fluid

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6
Q

ICF has more of what

A

Potassium and protien

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7
Q

ECF has more of what?

A

Sodium, chloride,and bicarbonate

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8
Q

Where does the movement of water btw fluid compartments happen (2 places for exchange)

A

Through the cell membrane or capillary wall

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9
Q

Explain sterlings law of the capillary.

A

Fluid moving in an out of the capillary through the use of hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

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10
Q

What drains the excess water that does not get re-absorbed by osmosis pressure.

A

The lymphatic system

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11
Q

Passive transport

A

No ATP requires, moves along a concentration gradient; driven by diffusion pressure

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12
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Moving molecules from an area with a high concentration to an area of low concentration

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13
Q

Osmosis

must meet three criteria

A

Water
Moving through selectively permeable membrane
Along concentration gradient (from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration)

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14
Q

Is facilitated diffusion active or passive

A

Passive

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15
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

When molecules diffuse down their concentration gradient with the help of carrier or facilitator proteins

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16
Q

Active transport

A

Uses carrier molecules to move solutes through membranes agains concentration gradients with the help of ATP

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17
Q

How do ions move between the interstitial space and intracellular space?

A

active transport (charged molecules)

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18
Q

How do nutrients, gases and waste move btw interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid.

A

diffusion

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19
Q

What is your regulation of fluid output and input controlled by?

A 
Thirst mechanism
Antidiaretic hormone (ADH)
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
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20
Q

Where does metabolic fluid come from?

A

the production of ATP

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21
Q

What is the main way to regulate fluids?

A

intake adjustment

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22
Q

Where is the thirst centre found?

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

The Thirst center is stimulated by what 3 things?

A

Drop in saliva
Increase in blood osmolarity (solutes in blood)
Drop in blood volume

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24
Q

What starts the RAAS system?

A

Drop in blood pressure stimulate the kidneys to produce renin.

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25
Q

What are the two functions of angiotensin II?

A
  1. Stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone

2. Stimulate the hypothalamus to produce antidiuretic hormone

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26
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Causes renal reabsorption

absorption of sodium and chloride which water follows

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27
Q

What causes the RAAS system to stop?

A

The heart stretches and this stimulates it to release Atrial-Natuiretic Peptide (ANP)

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28
Q

When you consume too much salt what does this do to your blood pressure

A

Blood pressure increase

this stimulates the production of ANP which decrease the production of renin, etc

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29
Q

Edema

A

the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space

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30
Q

What are 4 causes of edema

A
  1. Increase in venous pressure
  2. Hypoproteinemia
  3. Lymphatic obstruction
  4. Inflamation
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31
Q

What causes an increase in venous pressure?

A

Blockage (due to a blood clot, cholesterol, etc.)

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32
Q

What causes hypoproteinemia?

A

Kidney disease, liver disease, or malnutrition

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33
Q

Ascites

A

fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity

34
Q

Pleural Effusion

A

fluid accumulation in the thoracic cavity

35
Q

Dehydration

A

A net water loss in all fluid compartments

36
Q

What manifestations do you have when you are dehydrated?

A

Thirsty, abrupt weight loss, drop in BP, dry skin or mucous membranes, drop in skin turgor, lack of lustre, sunken eyes, and a drop in urine output

37
Q

Overhydration

A

A net water gain in all fluid compartments

38
Q

Causes of over hydration?

A

Excessive intake (rare)
Aggressive IV treatment
Renal disease

39
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that dissociate in solutions to form ions

40
Q

Cation

A

Positive ion ( + because it lost an electron)

41
Q

Anion

A

Negative ( - because if gained an electron)

42
Q

Characteristics of Non-electrolytes.

A

Do NOT dissociate in solutions
Have no charge
Most are organic molecules (glucose, lipids, creatinine, and urea)

43
Q

What kind of movement do semi-permeable membranes allow?

A

They allow water and small uncharged particles to move freely

44
Q

Colloids

A

Particles that are small enough to form suspension, but are too large to pass normally through natural membrane

45
Q

Tonicity

A

Normal firmness or functional readiness in body tissues or organs.

46
Q

Isotonic

A

Concentration of solutes is the same inside and out of the cell; no net water movement

47
Q

Hypertonic

A

The solution surrounding the cell is more concentrated than the cell so water moves out of the cell.

48
Q

Hypotonic

A

The concentration of the solution is lower then the cell’s concentration in it so water moves into the cell

49
Q

What do 4 functions do electrolytes have?

A
  • Control osmosis between fluid compartments
  • Help maintain acid base balance
  • Carry electrical current(because they are charged
  • necessary for enzyme activity
50
Q

What does mEq/L stand for?

A

milliequivalents per litre

51
Q

Which is the most abundant cation among the extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium

52
Q

Sodium accounts for how much of the osmolarity in the ECF?

A

50%

53
Q

Function of sodium

A
  • nerve and muscle function (need Na for action potential)
  • essential for maintaining fluid and acid-base balance
  • necessary for vital chemical reactions
54
Q

How do we regulate sodium?

A

With aldosterone (increase reabsorption) and ADH (release) and atrial natruiretic ( increases renal excretion of Na, water follows

55
Q

Which is the most abundant anion?

A

Chloride

56
Q

Chloride moves easily between…

A

ICF and ECF

57
Q

The cation potassium is important for?

A
  • nerve and muscle function
  • ICF balance
  • acid base balance
  • intracellular enzyme in reactions
58
Q

Chloride is part of what gastric juice?

A

HCl

59
Q

Potassium is most abundant where?

A

intracellular fluid

60
Q

Bicarbonate function?

A
  • important buffer
  • plays a role in chloride shift
  • Plasma concentration (increases in systemic caps a s CO2 enters & decreases in pulmonary caps as CO2 is exhaled
61
Q

Bicarbonate regulation is done by what organ?

A

Kidneys

62
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body

A

calcium

63
Q

Function of calcium

A
  • blood clotting
  • neurotransmitter release
  • muscle tone
  • nerve and muscle function
  • gives hardness to bones and teeth
64
Q

What 2 main hormonal controls regulates Calcium?

A
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH releases when calcium is low; releases calcium from bones when we need more)
  • Calcitonin (opposite of PTH; releases when calcium concentration is too high so that there is an increase deposition of calcium in the bone)
65
Q

Calcitonin

A

When calcium is too high this is released to increase the amount of calcium in the bone

66
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

When calcium is too low the PTH is release to cause a release of calcium from the bones

67
Q

Bicarbonate regulation is done by what organ?

A

Kidneys

68
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body

A

calcium

69
Q

Function of calcium

A
  • blood clotting
  • neurotransmitter release
  • muscle tone
  • nerve and muscle function
  • gives hardness to bones and teeth
70
Q

What 2 main hormonal controls regulates Calcium?

A
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH releases when calcium is low; releases calcium from bones when we need more)
  • Calcitonin (opposite of PTH; releases when calcium concentration is too high so that there is an increase deposition of calcium in the bone)
71
Q

Calcitonin

A

When calcium is too high this is released to increase the amount of calcium in the bone

72
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

When calcium is too low the PTH is release to cause a release of calcium from the bones

73
Q

Hypernatremia

A

High Sodium

74
Q

Causes of hypernatremia

A

dehydration, increased sodium intake(too much IV), lower loss of sodium ( hyperaldosteronism)

75
Q

Signs of hypernatremia

A

Intense thirst, edema, hypertension, agitation, convultions

76
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Too low sodium

77
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A

Inadequate intake, increased loss (burns, vomiting, sweating, diuretics, too low aldosterone, too low water)

78
Q

Signs of Hyponatremia

A
  • muscle weakness, dizziness, headaches, tachycardia, shock, confusion, coma
79
Q

Hyperchloremia causes

A

too much Cl due to

  • dehydration
  • excessive intake
  • renal failure
  • too much aldosterone
80
Q

Hyperchloremia signs

A
  • lethargic or weak
  • metabolic acidosis
  • rapid breathing
81
Q

Hypochloremia Causes

A
  • vomiting
  • over hydration
  • aldosterone deficiency
  • diuretics
82
Q

Hypochloremia Signs

A
  • muscle spasm
  • metabolic acidosis
  • shallow respiratory ( to lower acidity)
  • hypertension
  • tetany
83
Q

Hyperkalemia Causes

A

too much potassium (mainly in cells) due to:

  • excessive intake
  • renal failure
  • aldosterone deficiency
  • Severe tissue damage
  • transfution of hemolyzed blood

Anatomy And Physiology (18 decks)

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