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Anatomy And Physiology > Homeostasis Of Fluid And Electrolytes > Flashcards

Homeostasis Of Fluid And Electrolytes Flashcards

0
Q

How much body fluid is in an average male adult human

A

60%

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1
Q

Homeostasis of cells depends on

A

Homeostasis of body fluids

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2
Q

What 4 mechanisms need to be regulated with body fluids

A

Volume
Distribution
Concentration of solutes
pH

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3
Q

What are the two main fluid compartments

A

Intracellular (in the cell)

Extracellular (outside the cell)

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4
Q

What types of extracellular fluid is there?

A 
Intravascular (in the blood)
Interstitial fluid (inbetween cells), and transcellular fluid (just know it's there)
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5
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Is a type of extracellular fluid

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6
Q

ICF has more of what

A

Potassium and protien

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7
Q

ECF has more of what?

A

Sodium, chloride,and bicarbonate

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8
Q

Where does the movement of water btw fluid compartments happen (2 places for exchange)

A

Through the cell membrane or capillary wall

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9
Q

Explain sterlings law of the capillary.

A

Fluid moving in an out of the capillary through the use of hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

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10
Q

What drains the excess water that does not get re-absorbed by osmosis pressure.

A

The lymphatic system

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11
Q

Passive transport

A

No ATP requires, moves along a concentration gradient; driven by diffusion pressure

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12
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Moving molecules from an area with a high concentration to an area of low concentration

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13
Q

Osmosis

must meet three criteria

A

Water
Moving through selectively permeable membrane
Along concentration gradient (from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration)

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14
Q

Is facilitated diffusion active or passive

A

Passive

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15
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

When molecules diffuse down their concentration gradient with the help of carrier or facilitator proteins

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16
Q

Active transport

A

Uses carrier molecules to move solutes through membranes agains concentration gradients with the help of ATP

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17
Q

How do ions move between the interstitial space and intracellular space?

A

active transport (charged molecules)

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18
Q

How do nutrients, gases and waste move btw interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid.

A

diffusion

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19
Q

What is your regulation of fluid output and input controlled by?

A 
Thirst mechanism
Antidiaretic hormone (ADH)
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
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20
Q

Where does metabolic fluid come from?

A

the production of ATP

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21
Q

What is the main way to regulate fluids?

A

intake adjustment

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22
Q

Where is the thirst centre found?

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

The Thirst center is stimulated by what 3 things?

A

Drop in saliva
Increase in blood osmolarity (solutes in blood)
Drop in blood volume

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24
What starts the RAAS system?
Drop in blood pressure stimulate the kidneys to produce renin.
25
What are the two functions of angiotensin II?
1. Stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone | 2. Stimulate the hypothalamus to produce antidiuretic hormone
26
What does aldosterone do?
Causes renal reabsorption | absorption of sodium and chloride which water follows
27
What causes the RAAS system to stop?
The heart stretches and this stimulates it to release Atrial-Natuiretic Peptide (ANP)
28
When you consume too much salt what does this do to your blood pressure
Blood pressure increase | this stimulates the production of ANP which decrease the production of renin, etc
29
Edema
the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space
30
What are 4 causes of edema
1. Increase in venous pressure 2. Hypoproteinemia 3. Lymphatic obstruction 4. Inflamation
31
What causes an increase in venous pressure?
Blockage (due to a blood clot, cholesterol, etc.)
32
What causes hypoproteinemia?
Kidney disease, liver disease, or malnutrition
33
Ascites
fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity
34
Pleural Effusion
fluid accumulation in the thoracic cavity
35
Dehydration
A net water loss in all fluid compartments
36
What manifestations do you have when you are dehydrated?
Thirsty, abrupt weight loss, drop in BP, dry skin or mucous membranes, drop in skin turgor, lack of lustre, sunken eyes, and a drop in urine output
37
Overhydration
A net water gain in all fluid compartments
38
Causes of over hydration?
Excessive intake (rare) Aggressive IV treatment Renal disease
39
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate in solutions to form ions
40
Cation
Positive ion ( + because it lost an electron)
41
Anion
Negative ( - because if gained an electron)
42
Characteristics of Non-electrolytes.
Do NOT dissociate in solutions Have no charge Most are organic molecules (glucose, lipids, creatinine, and urea)
43
What kind of movement do semi-permeable membranes allow?
They allow water and small uncharged particles to move freely
44
Colloids
Particles that are small enough to form suspension, but are too large to pass normally through natural membrane
45
Tonicity
Normal firmness or functional readiness in body tissues or organs.
46
Isotonic
Concentration of solutes is the same inside and out of the cell; no net water movement
47
Hypertonic
The solution surrounding the cell is more concentrated than the cell so water moves out of the cell.
48
Hypotonic
The concentration of the solution is lower then the cell's concentration in it so water moves into the cell
49
What do 4 functions do electrolytes have?
- Control osmosis between fluid compartments - Help maintain acid base balance - Carry electrical current(because they are charged - necessary for enzyme activity
50
What does mEq/L stand for?
milliequivalents per litre
51
Which is the most abundant cation among the extracellular fluid?
Sodium
52
Sodium accounts for how much of the osmolarity in the ECF?
50%
53
Function of sodium
- nerve and muscle function (need Na for action potential) - essential for maintaining fluid and acid-base balance - necessary for vital chemical reactions
54
How do we regulate sodium?
With aldosterone (increase reabsorption) and ADH (release) and atrial natruiretic ( increases renal excretion of Na, water follows
55
Which is the most abundant anion?
Chloride
56
Chloride moves easily between...
ICF and ECF
57
The cation potassium is important for?
- nerve and muscle function - ICF balance - acid base balance - intracellular enzyme in reactions
58
Chloride is part of what gastric juice?
HCl
59
Potassium is most abundant where?
intracellular fluid
60
Bicarbonate function?
- important buffer - plays a role in chloride shift - Plasma concentration (increases in systemic caps a s CO2 enters & decreases in pulmonary caps as CO2 is exhaled
61
Bicarbonate regulation is done by what organ?
Kidneys
62
What is the most abundant mineral in the body
calcium
63
Function of calcium
- blood clotting - neurotransmitter release - muscle tone - nerve and muscle function - gives hardness to bones and teeth
64
What 2 main hormonal controls regulates Calcium?
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH releases when calcium is low; releases calcium from bones when we need more) - Calcitonin (opposite of PTH; releases when calcium concentration is too high so that there is an increase deposition of calcium in the bone)
65
Calcitonin
When calcium is too high this is released to increase the amount of calcium in the bone
66
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
When calcium is too low the PTH is release to cause a release of calcium from the bones
67
Bicarbonate regulation is done by what organ?
Kidneys
68
What is the most abundant mineral in the body
calcium
69
Function of calcium
- blood clotting - neurotransmitter release - muscle tone - nerve and muscle function - gives hardness to bones and teeth
70
What 2 main hormonal controls regulates Calcium?
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH releases when calcium is low; releases calcium from bones when we need more) - Calcitonin (opposite of PTH; releases when calcium concentration is too high so that there is an increase deposition of calcium in the bone)
71
Calcitonin
When calcium is too high this is released to increase the amount of calcium in the bone
72
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
When calcium is too low the PTH is release to cause a release of calcium from the bones
73
Hypernatremia
High Sodium
74
Causes of hypernatremia
dehydration, increased sodium intake(too much IV), lower loss of sodium ( hyperaldosteronism)
75
Signs of hypernatremia
Intense thirst, edema, hypertension, agitation, convultions
76
Hyponatremia
Too low sodium
77
Causes of hyponatremia
Inadequate intake, increased loss (burns, vomiting, sweating, diuretics, too low aldosterone, too low water)
78
Signs of Hyponatremia
- muscle weakness, dizziness, headaches, tachycardia, shock, confusion, coma
79
Hyperchloremia causes
too much Cl due to - dehydration - excessive intake - renal failure - too much aldosterone
80
Hyperchloremia signs
- lethargic or weak - metabolic acidosis - rapid breathing
81
Hypochloremia Causes
- vomiting - over hydration - aldosterone deficiency - diuretics
82
Hypochloremia Signs
- muscle spasm - metabolic acidosis - shallow respiratory ( to lower acidity) - hypertension - tetany
83
Hyperkalemia Causes
too much potassium (mainly in cells) due to: - excessive intake - renal failure - aldosterone deficiency - Severe tissue damage - transfution of hemolyzed blood

Anatomy And Physiology (18 decks)

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