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Anatomy And Physiology > The Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

The Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What does the brain deal with?

A

sensation, memory, decision making, and movement

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2
Q

How does the brain communicate?

A

brain communicates via the spinal cord and 12 pairs of cranial nerves

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3
Q

What are the 4 ventricles?

A

lateral ventricles (2)
third ventricle
fourth ventricle

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4
Q

Blood supply branches from where through the brain?

A

the circle of willis

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5
Q

How much oxygen and glucose from the blood does the brain consume ?

A

20%

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6
Q

When there is neural activity does the blood flow increase or decrease?

A

increase

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7
Q

What are the (3) protective coverings of the brain?

A

bone
meninges
cerebral spinal fluid

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8
Q

What are the (3) meninges?

A

dura mater (most superficial)
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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9
Q

What does the dural sinus do?

A

carries venous blood from the brain

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10
Q

What are dural partitions?

A

extend into fissure, support the brain

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11
Q

Name the 3 dural partitions.

A

falx cerebri
tentorium ceribelli
falx cerebelli

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12
Q

Where is the flax cerebri?

A

within longitudinal fissure

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13
Q

Where is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

btw the cerebellum and cerebrum

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14
Q

What does the blood brain barrier consist of?

A
  • brain capillary endothelial cells (simple squomous) joined by tight junctions
  • continuous basement membrane
  • processes of astrocytes (wraps around capilleries)
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15
Q

What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier?

A

prevents passage of many toxins and pathogens (proteins & antibiotics can’t cross; glucose, alcohol and anesthetic can cross)

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16
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

clear, colourless liquid transcellular fluid (specialized interstitual fluid)
- protect the brain and spinal cord, transports nutrients and metabolic waste, & provides stable chemical environment

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17
Q

How many ml of CSF is there and where is it found?

A
  • 80-150 ml

- fills ventricles & surrounds CNS

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18
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexuses in walls of ventricles

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19
Q

Where does the CSF flow?

A

lateral ventricles > interventricular foramen > third ventricle > cerebral aquaduct > 4th ventricle > median and lateral apertures > either subdural space or central canal of spinal cord

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20
Q

Once the CSF reaches the subdural space how does it return to the blood?

A

through the arachnoid that protrudes through dural sinuses

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21
Q

From the dural sinus where does the CSF go?

A

CSF drains to dural sinuses then to jugular veins

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22
Q

What does the medulla oblongata contain?

A
  • ascending and descending tracts
  • pathways to/from cerebellum
  • nuclei of 5 cervical nerves
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23
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A
  • controls vital functions
    • controls rate and force of heart rate
    • vasomotor centre (blood pressure)
    • Respiratory center (rate/ depth of breathing
  • controls centres for coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, swallowing, vomiting, sweating
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24
Q

What cranial nerves arise from pons?

A

5-7

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25
What is the function of the pons?
centre that controls pattern of breathing
26
What cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?
3 & 4
27
What is the function of the midbrain
- co-ordination of muscle movement | - visual and auditory reflex centres
28
What does the reticular formation do?
- helps regulate muscle tone - reticular activating system (RAS) - regulates level of consciousness - alerts cerebrum to sensory signals - pain signals cause an increase of arousal through out the brain
29
How many hemispheres does the cerebellum have?
2
30
What does the cerebellum do?
controls automatic processes - compares motor commands with input from proprioceptors - maintains posture, muscle tone, balance - coordinates, smooths complex sequence of skilled muscle movement
31
What are proprioceptors?
receptors that tell you where your body is in space
32
What attaches cerebellum to the brain stem?
cerebellar peduncles
33
What does the superior cerebellum peduncle connect?
- motor nerves to midbrain
34
What does the middle cerebellar peduncle connect?
- motor nerves to pons (voluntary movement)
35
What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle connect?
sensary nerves from midbrain (balance)
36
The diencephalon includes what?
thalamus and hypothalamus
37
What does the thalamus do?
- relay centre for auditory, visual, taste, and somatic impulses (all senses except smell)
38
Where does the thalamus receive impulses from?
the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, basal nuclei
39
What is the role of the thalamus?
awareness emotion memory cognition
40
What does the hypothalamus control?
controls ANS and endocrine system
41
What is a major regulator of homeostasis?
hypothalamus
42
What does the hypo thalamus control?
``` controls: water and electrolyte balance food intake body temperature heart rate hormone secretion sleep patterns emotions (pain, pleasure, rage, aggression) sexual response ```
43
What is the insula?
is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus
44
What is the corpus callosum?
bundle of white matter that cognacs the 2 hemispheres of the brain
45
What are basal nuclei?
masses of cerebral grey matter deep within the cerebral white matter
46
Name the 3 cerebral tracts.
commissural tracts projection tracts association tracts
47
What does the commissural tract connect?
connect corresponding regions of the two hemispheres
48
What do projection tracts connect
afferent fibers to cerebral cortex | efferent fibers from cortex
49
What do association tracts connect?
connect regions within a single hemisphere
50
What are 2 other names for basal nuclei?
cerebral nuclei | basal ganglia
51
What do the basal nuclei do?
- receive input from entire cerebral cortex - involved in cognition, and automatic movements of skeletal muscle - inhibit muscle tone throughout body
52
What does the limbic system include?
hippocampus and amyala
53
What does the limbic system control?
- emotional aspects of behaviour - links conscious intellectual function of cerebrum with the unconscious, automatic function of the brainstem - plays a role in memory storage/recall
54
Where is the primary motor area?
pre-central gyus (frontal lobe)
55
What does the primary motor area control?
primary motor area controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscle
56
What does somatotopically mean?
Each area of the cerebral cortex corresponds to a specific area of the body
57
Is the amount of cortex devoted to a body part proportional to precision of motor control?
yes
58
Where is the premotor area?
anterior to the primary motor area (frontal lobe)
59
What does the premotor area do?
controls learned repetitive motor skills
60
Where is broca's area?
frontal lob, near lateral sulcus (predominantly found in the LEFT hemisphere (frontal lobe)
61
What does broca's area control?
motor speech area
62
Where is the prefrontal area?
anterior region of the frontal lobes
63
What does the prefrontal area control?
abstract ideas, conscience, judgement, motivation, intelligence, personality
64
How is the prefrontal lobe modified?
by experience
65
Where is the olfactory area found?
medial surface of temporal lobe, inferior surface of frontal lobe
66
What does the olfactory area do?
receives input from olfactory receptors; controls smell
67
Where is the primary sensory area?
post central gyrus in parietal lobe
68
What does the primary sensory area do?
receives input from sensory receptors in the skin and proprioceptors in muscle
69
How is the sensory area of the brain organized?
somatotopicly organized
70
Where is the somatosensory association area?
posterior to primary sensory area of parietal lobe
71
What does somatosensory association area do?
interprets sensory information
72
Where is the sensory input of tastebuds found?
gustatory area (found in somatosensory cortex) of parietal lob
73
Where is the primary auditory area found?
temporal lobe
74
What does the primary auditory area do?
receives impulses from the ear (hearing)
75
What does the auditory association area do?
determines if sound is noise or speech
76
Where is Wernicke's area?
usually in the left hemisphere of temporal lobe
77
What does wernickes area do?
comprehension of written and spoken language
78
Where is the affective area?
regions in R hemisphere occupied by Broca's and Wernicke's areas in L in temporal lobe
79
What does the affective language order do?
- verbal expression of emotion in speech
80
What is non-fluent aphasia (aka broca's aphasia)?
unable to form words but knows what they want too say
81
What is fluent aphasia (aka Wernicke's aphasia)?
produce strings of sound with our any meaning; due to faulty understanding of spoken work
82
What does the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe do?
sends impulses from the eye (vision)
83
What does the visual association area of the occipital lobe do?
adjacent to primary visual area and interprets visual inputs
84
What percentage of people are left hemisphere dominant?
90%
85
What are the functions of the right hemisphere?
- musical and artistic awareness - space and pattern perception - recognition of faces and emotional content of facial expression - generating emotional content of language - generating mental images to compare spatial relationship
86
What are the functions of the left hemisphere of the brain?
- spoken word and written language - numerical and thinking skills - ability to use and understand sign language - reasoning
87
The dominant hemisphere is that one that contains ________.
language centre
88
Name the 12 cranial nerves.
Olfactory- smell Optic- sight Oculomotor- movement of muscle eye ball under . upper lid; control pupil size Trochlear- movement of eyeball Trigeminal- muscle of mastication and sensory Abducens- movement of eyeball Facial- facial expressions, secretion & taste Vestibulocochlear- hearing and balance Glossopharyngeal- controls saliva and swollowing Vagus- sensory from viscera; controls throat, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, digestive secretions Accessory- controls neck mulds Hypoglossal- controls muscles of the tongue

Anatomy And Physiology (18 decks)

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