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Anatomy And Physiology > The Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

The Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What does the brain deal with?

A

sensation, memory, decision making, and movement

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2
Q

How does the brain communicate?

A

brain communicates via the spinal cord and 12 pairs of cranial nerves

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3
Q

What are the 4 ventricles?

A

lateral ventricles (2)
third ventricle
fourth ventricle

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4
Q

Blood supply branches from where through the brain?

A

the circle of willis

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5
Q

How much oxygen and glucose from the blood does the brain consume ?

A

20%

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6
Q

When there is neural activity does the blood flow increase or decrease?

A

increase

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7
Q

What are the (3) protective coverings of the brain?

A

bone
meninges
cerebral spinal fluid

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8
Q

What are the (3) meninges?

A

dura mater (most superficial)
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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9
Q

What does the dural sinus do?

A

carries venous blood from the brain

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10
Q

What are dural partitions?

A

extend into fissure, support the brain

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11
Q

Name the 3 dural partitions.

A

falx cerebri
tentorium ceribelli
falx cerebelli

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12
Q

Where is the flax cerebri?

A

within longitudinal fissure

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13
Q

Where is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

btw the cerebellum and cerebrum

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14
Q

What does the blood brain barrier consist of?

A
  • brain capillary endothelial cells (simple squomous) joined by tight junctions
  • continuous basement membrane
  • processes of astrocytes (wraps around capilleries)
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15
Q

What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier?

A

prevents passage of many toxins and pathogens (proteins & antibiotics can’t cross; glucose, alcohol and anesthetic can cross)

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16
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

clear, colourless liquid transcellular fluid (specialized interstitual fluid)
- protect the brain and spinal cord, transports nutrients and metabolic waste, & provides stable chemical environment

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17
Q

How many ml of CSF is there and where is it found?

A
  • 80-150 ml

- fills ventricles & surrounds CNS

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18
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexuses in walls of ventricles

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19
Q

Where does the CSF flow?

A

lateral ventricles > interventricular foramen > third ventricle > cerebral aquaduct > 4th ventricle > median and lateral apertures > either subdural space or central canal of spinal cord

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20
Q

Once the CSF reaches the subdural space how does it return to the blood?

A

through the arachnoid that protrudes through dural sinuses

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21
Q

From the dural sinus where does the CSF go?

A

CSF drains to dural sinuses then to jugular veins

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22
Q

What does the medulla oblongata contain?

A
  • ascending and descending tracts
  • pathways to/from cerebellum
  • nuclei of 5 cervical nerves
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23
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A
  • controls vital functions
    • controls rate and force of heart rate
    • vasomotor centre (blood pressure)
    • Respiratory center (rate/ depth of breathing
  • controls centres for coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, swallowing, vomiting, sweating
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24
Q

What cranial nerves arise from pons?

A

5-7

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25
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

centre that controls pattern of breathing

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26
Q

What cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?

A

3 & 4

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27
Q

What is the function of the midbrain

A
  • co-ordination of muscle movement

- visual and auditory reflex centres

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28
Q

What does the reticular formation do?

A
  • helps regulate muscle tone
  • reticular activating system (RAS)
    • regulates level of consciousness
    • alerts cerebrum to sensory signals
    • pain signals cause an increase of arousal through out the brain
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29
Q

How many hemispheres does the cerebellum have?

A

2

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30
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

controls automatic processes

  • compares motor commands with input from proprioceptors
  • maintains posture, muscle tone, balance
  • coordinates, smooths complex sequence of skilled muscle movement
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31
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

receptors that tell you where your body is in space

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32
Q

What attaches cerebellum to the brain stem?

A

cerebellar peduncles

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33
Q

What does the superior cerebellum peduncle connect?

A
  • motor nerves to midbrain
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34
Q

What does the middle cerebellar peduncle connect?

A
  • motor nerves to pons (voluntary movement)
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35
Q

What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle connect?

A

sensary nerves from midbrain (balance)

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36
Q

The diencephalon includes what?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

37
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A
  • relay centre for auditory, visual, taste, and somatic impulses
    (all senses except smell)
38
Q

Where does the thalamus receive impulses from?

A

the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, basal nuclei

39
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

awareness
emotion
memory
cognition

40
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

controls ANS and endocrine system

41
Q

What is a major regulator of homeostasis?

A

hypothalamus

42
Q

What does the hypo thalamus control?

A 
controls:
water and electrolyte balance
food intake
body temperature
heart rate
hormone secretion
sleep patterns
emotions (pain, pleasure, rage, aggression)
sexual response
43
Q

What is the insula?

A

is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus

44
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

bundle of white matter that cognacs the 2 hemispheres of the brain

45
Q

What are basal nuclei?

A

masses of cerebral grey matter deep within the cerebral white matter

46
Q

Name the 3 cerebral tracts.

A

commissural tracts
projection tracts
association tracts

47
Q

What does the commissural tract connect?

A

connect corresponding regions of the two hemispheres

48
Q

What do projection tracts connect

A

afferent fibers to cerebral cortex

efferent fibers from cortex

49
Q

What do association tracts connect?

A

connect regions within a single hemisphere

50
Q

What are 2 other names for basal nuclei?

A

cerebral nuclei

basal ganglia

51
Q

What do the basal nuclei do?

A
  • receive input from entire cerebral cortex
  • involved in cognition, and automatic movements of skeletal muscle
  • inhibit muscle tone throughout body
52
Q

What does the limbic system include?

A

hippocampus and amyala

53
Q

What does the limbic system control?

A
  • emotional aspects of behaviour
  • links conscious intellectual function of cerebrum with the unconscious, automatic function of the brainstem
  • plays a role in memory storage/recall
54
Q

Where is the primary motor area?

A

pre-central gyus (frontal lobe)

55
Q

What does the primary motor area control?

A

primary motor area controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

56
Q

What does somatotopically mean?

A

Each area of the cerebral cortex corresponds to a specific area of the body

57
Q

Is the amount of cortex devoted to a body part proportional to precision of motor control?

A

yes

58
Q

Where is the premotor area?

A

anterior to the primary motor area (frontal lobe)

59
Q

What does the premotor area do?

A

controls learned repetitive motor skills

60
Q

Where is broca’s area?

A

frontal lob, near lateral sulcus (predominantly found in the LEFT hemisphere (frontal lobe)

61
Q

What does broca’s area control?

A

motor speech area

62
Q

Where is the prefrontal area?

A

anterior region of the frontal lobes

63
Q

What does the prefrontal area control?

A

abstract ideas, conscience, judgement, motivation, intelligence, personality

64
Q

How is the prefrontal lobe modified?

A

by experience

65
Q

Where is the olfactory area found?

A

medial surface of temporal lobe, inferior surface of frontal lobe

66
Q

What does the olfactory area do?

A

receives input from olfactory receptors; controls smell

67
Q

Where is the primary sensory area?

A

post central gyrus in parietal lobe

68
Q

What does the primary sensory area do?

A

receives input from sensory receptors in the skin and proprioceptors in muscle

69
Q

How is the sensory area of the brain organized?

A

somatotopicly organized

70
Q

Where is the somatosensory association area?

A

posterior to primary sensory area of parietal lobe

71
Q

What does somatosensory association area do?

A

interprets sensory information

72
Q

Where is the sensory input of tastebuds found?

A

gustatory area (found in somatosensory cortex) of parietal lob

73
Q

Where is the primary auditory area found?

A

temporal lobe

74
Q

What does the primary auditory area do?

A

receives impulses from the ear (hearing)

75
Q

What does the auditory association area do?

A

determines if sound is noise or speech

76
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

usually in the left hemisphere of temporal lobe

77
Q

What does wernickes area do?

A

comprehension of written and spoken language

78
Q

Where is the affective area?

A

regions in R hemisphere occupied by Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas in L
in temporal lobe

79
Q

What does the affective language order do?

A
  • verbal expression of emotion in speech
80
Q

What is non-fluent aphasia (aka broca’s aphasia)?

A

unable to form words but knows what they want too say

81
Q

What is fluent aphasia (aka Wernicke’s aphasia)?

A

produce strings of sound with our any meaning; due to faulty understanding of spoken work

82
Q

What does the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe do?

A

sends impulses from the eye (vision)

83
Q

What does the visual association area of the occipital lobe do?

A

adjacent to primary visual area and interprets visual inputs

84
Q

What percentage of people are left hemisphere dominant?

A

90%

85
Q

What are the functions of the right hemisphere?

A
  • musical and artistic awareness
  • space and pattern perception
  • recognition of faces and emotional content of facial expression
  • generating emotional content of language
  • generating mental images to compare spatial relationship
86
Q

What are the functions of the left hemisphere of the brain?

A
  • spoken word and written language
  • numerical and thinking skills
  • ability to use and understand sign language
  • reasoning
87
Q

The dominant hemisphere is that one that contains ________.

A

language centre

88
Q

Name the 12 cranial nerves.

A

Olfactory- smell
Optic- sight
Oculomotor- movement of muscle eye ball under . upper lid; control pupil size
Trochlear- movement of eyeball
Trigeminal- muscle of mastication and sensory
Abducens- movement of eyeball
Facial- facial expressions, secretion & taste
Vestibulocochlear- hearing and balance
Glossopharyngeal- controls saliva and swollowing
Vagus- sensory from viscera; controls throat, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, digestive secretions
Accessory- controls neck mulds
Hypoglossal- controls muscles of the tongue

Anatomy And Physiology (18 decks)

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