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Anatomy And Physiology > Special senses > Flashcards

Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 special senses?

A 
smell (olfactory)
taste (gustatory)
vision
hearing
equallibrium
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2
Q

Where are the special senses all found?

A

in complex sensory organs in the head

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3
Q

How does stimuli get converted to nerve impulses?

A

by special senses

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4
Q

What are the 2 categories of senses?

A

general

special

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5
Q

What are the 2 chemical senses?

A

smell (olfactory)

taste (gustatory)

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6
Q

Where do the chemical senses go and what does this account for?

A
  • project to the cerebral cortex and the limbic system

- meaning chemical senses can evoke emotional responses

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7
Q

What does the olfactory sense do?

A

dissolved odorants bind to receptor in the nose and sends impulse to cranial nerve 1 (olfactory nerve)

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8
Q

How rapidly does adaptation in the olfactory system take?

A
  • 50% in 1 sec

- complete in 1 min

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9
Q

What is the olfactory epithellium?

A

area of the ethmoid bone with pores(have axons in them) and 10-100 millianreceptors of smell

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10
Q

What does the olfactory gland do?

A

produces mucus

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11
Q

The olfactory neurons are the only neurons that do what?

A

regenerate

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12
Q

Olfactory neurones bipolar neuron last how long?

A

1 month

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13
Q

What are basal cells in the olfactory nervous system?

A

stem cells

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14
Q

What is the gustatory sense?

A

taste

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15
Q

What kind of substances bind to taste bud on the tongue, soft palate, larynx?

A

dissolved chemical senses

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16
Q

Where are taste buds?

A

tongue
soft palate
larynx

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17
Q

What are the 5 different classes of taste?

A 
sour
bitter
sweet
salty
umamin (savory taste)
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18
Q

What are papillae?

A

taste buds found on sides of vallate and fungiform papillae

- filiform papillae has nothing to do with taste, increases friction

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19
Q

What are taste buds made up of?

A
  • gustatory hairs
  • supporting cells
  • gustatory receptor cell (life span is 10 days)
  • basal cells
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20
Q

How many senses are on each receptor cell of a taste bud?

A

more than 1 of the 5 tastes

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21
Q

How are nerve impulses generated on the tongue?

A

dissolved substances bind to gustatory hairs generating a nerve impulse

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22
Q

How quickly does adaptation occur with taste buds?

A

complete adaptation in 1-5 min

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23
Q

Most senses of taste are actually stimulation of _______ receptors.

A

olfactory (smell)

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24
Q

What 2 other elements is taste dependant on?

A

texture and temperature

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25
What are 2 main structure of the eye?
accessory and external structures
26
What are the accessory structures?
conjunctiva eyelid (palpebra) tarsal glands
27
What is the conjunctiva (accessory structure)?
mucosa lining lid covering the front of the eye
28
What is the palpebra (accessory structure)?
the eyelid which protects and lubricates
29
Where does the reflex of blinking come from?
medulla
30
What are tarsal glands (accessory structure)?
oily secretion come from tarsal glands and keep lids from sticking together
31
What gland do tears come from?
lacrimal gland
32
What is the bactericidal enzyme in tears?
lysozyme (kills bacteria)
33
How much tears do you produce in a day?
1ml that gets spread across they eye when blinking
34
How do tears travel?
from lacrimal gland > lacrimal duct > lacrimal canal > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct > nasal cavity
35
What does the nasolacrimal duct do?
drains tears in to the nasal cavity
36
What are the 6 extrinsic eye muscles that move the eye?
``` superior rectus medial rectus inferior rectus lateral rectus inferior oblique superior oblique ```
37
What are the 3 layer of the wall of the eye?
fibrous tunic vascular tunic nervous tunic
38
What does the fibres tunic contain?
``` cornea (transparent, covers anterior 1/6 of eye) sclera layer (tough fibrous layer; white, covers all but anterior potion; maintains shape and protects content) ```
39
What are some characteristics of the cornea?
transparent, covers anterior 1/6 of eye
40
Describe the sclera.
tough fibrous layer; white, covers all but anterior potion; maintains shape and protects content
41
What (5) things does the vascular tunic contain?
``` iris lens suspensory ligament ciliary body choroid layer ```
42
Describe the choroid layer (in vascular tunic) of they eye.
- vascular, pigmented (black) layer (so it doesn’t reflect and effect the image) - absorbs light - supplies blood to structures within the eye
43
What are the 2 components of the ciliary body (in vascular tunic)?
``` - ciliary processes Specialized folds on specialized ciliary body secrete aqueous humor - ciliary muscle smooth muscle that alters shape of lens ```
44
Describe the ciliary process (in vascular tunic).
Specialized folds on specialized ciliary body | secrete aqueous humor
45
Describe the ciliary muscle(in vascular tunic).
smooth muscle that alters shape of lens
46
What is the aqueous humour (in vascular tunic)?
the clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea.
47
Describe the iris (in vascular tunic).
anterior extension of choroid visible through cornea as pigmented ring of muscle regulates pupil size under control of ANS
48
What are the 2 muscles of the iris(in vascular tunic)?
circular fibers constrict pupil (innervated by parasympathetic n.s.) radial fibers dilate pupil (innervated by sympathetic n.s.)
49
What do the circular fibres of the iris (in vascular tunic) do?
constrict pupil
50
What do the radial fibres of the iris (in vascular tunic) do?
dilate pupil
51
Describe the lens of the vascular tunic.
- avascular - focuses light on retina - held in place by suspensory ligaments
52
What holds the lens in place?
suspensory ligament
53
What (4) things are in the nervous tunic?
retina optic disc fovea centralis optic nerve
54
Describe the retina
- lines posterior 3/4 of eyeball - contains photoreceptor rods (grey scale) cones(colour)
55
Describe the fovea centralist.
max. visual acuity (perception) where lens predict image
56
Describe the optic disc.
- the blind spot - blood vessels, optic n. leave eye here - no photoreceptors
57
What are the 3 types of cells of the retina?
photoreceptors (rods and cones) bipolar cells Ganglion cells
58
What is the significance of having 3 types of cones?
they are all more sensitive to particular wavelengths (colours) due to the presence of photopigments (rhodopsins)
59
What do rhodopsins do?
they are photopigments that are in cones that help us see colour
60
What are the 2 cavities of the eye?
``` Anterior cavity (containing an anterior and posterior aqueous filled chambers) Posterior cavity (containing vitreous chamber) ```
61
What is the aqueous humour?
- produced by ciliary body (processes) - maintains constant intraocular pressure - nourishes lens and cornea - replaced every 90 minutes
62
What is vitreous humour?
jelly-like substance that supports eye aka gelatinous
63
What is accommodation?
- lens of the eye changes shape to focus on objects at different distances - this is done by stretching or relaxing the ciliary muscle
64
What is refraction?
- bending of light as it passes from one substance to a 2nd substance with a different density; helps us land image on posterior surface of the retina - light is refracted by the ant. and post. surfaces of cornea and lens - 75% by cornea, 25% by lens
65
What is the region of the retina where vision is best?
fovea centralis
66
What is the point where blood vessels and optic nerve are attached to the eye and there are no photoreceptors?
the optic disc/ blind spot
67
Where does the visual information travel to?
visual information travels to - occipital lobe (vision) - midbrain (pupil size, coordination of head, eye movements) - hypothalamus (sleep patterns)
68
Which lobe sees which half of the world?
the left occipital lobe sees the right half of the world (receiving input from both eyes) and the right occipital lobe sees the left half of the world (receiving input from both eyes)
69
In what order does light pass through the eye?
``` cornea aqueous humour (pupil) lens vitreous humour retina choroid ```
70
What component make up the outer ear?
``` pinna (auricle) external auditory canal (meatus) tympanic membrane (ear drum) ```
71
Where is ear wax (cerumen) secreted from?
ceruminous glands in external auditory canal
72
Describe the middle ear.
``` air-filled cavity in temporal bone extends from tympanic membrane to oval and round window contains ossicles (smallest bones in the human body) THE BIG IDEA ```
72
Describe the middle ear.
``` air-filled cavity in temporal bone extends from tympanic membrane to oval and round window contains ossicles (smallest bones in the human body) THE BIG IDEA ```
73
What are the 3 ossicles called?
malleus incus stapes
73
What are the 3 ossicles called?
malleus incus stapes
74
What do the ossicles do?
conduct sound vibrations from tympani membrane to the oval window
74
What do the ossicles do?
conduct sound vibrations from tympani membrane to the oval window
75
What do we do to protect our ossicles from loud noises?
contract ossicle skeletal muscle (tensor tymani) to limit the ossicle movement
75
What do we do to protect our ossicles from loud noises?
contract ossicle skeletal muscle (tensor tymani) to limit the ossicle movement
76
What does the eustachian tube do?
- connects middle ear to nasopharynx (in the back of the throat) - allow air to move in and our o middle ear to equalize pressure
76
What does the eustachian tube do?
- connects middle ear to nasopharynx (in the back of the throat) - allow air to move in and our o middle ear to equalize pressure
77
Describe the inner ear.
bony labyrinth (hollow chamber in temporal bone) filled with perilymph includes vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea surrounds membranous labyrinth
77
Describe the inner ear.
bony labyrinth (hollow chamber in temporal bone) filled with perilymph includes vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea surrounds membranous labyrinth
78
describe the membranous labyrinth.
membranous tubes filled with endolymph consists of: utricle, saccule, semi-circular ducts (balance) cochlear duct (hearing)
78
describe the membranous labyrinth.
membranous tubes filled with endolymph consists of: utricle, saccule, semi-circular ducts (balance) cochlear duct (hearing)
79
Describe the chochlea.
3 coiled tubes (resembles snail shell) | contains organ of Corti (hearing, converts vibrations into action potentials)
79
Describe the chochlea.
3 coiled tubes (resembles snail shell) | contains organ of Corti (hearing, converts vibrations into action potentials)
80
What converts vibrations into action potentials?
Organ of Corti | then sends down cochlear nerve
80
What converts vibrations into action potentials?
Organ of Corti | then sends down cochlear nerve
81
describe the cochlea function.
1. sound waves start at tympanic membrane 2. movement of tympanic membrane starts ossicles to move 3. stapes push on perilymph of scala vestibule at oval window 4. vibrations move to scala tympani 5. then to cochlear duct (central structure vibrates)
81
describe the cochlea function.
1. sound waves start at tympanic membrane 2. movement of tympanic membrane starts ossicles to move 3. stapes push on perilymph of scala vestibule at oval window 4. vibrations move to scala tympani 5. then to cochlear duct (central structure vibrates)
82
How does the organ of corti work?
vibration of basilar membrane bends hair cells that send impulses in cochlear n. different frequencies vibrate different parts of membrane
82
How does the organ of corti work?
vibration of basilar membrane bends hair cells that send impulses in cochlear n. different frequencies vibrate different parts of membrane
83
What are the receptors for static equilibrium?
utricle | saccule
83
What are the receptors for static equilibrium?
utricle | saccule
84
What is the receptor for dynamic equilibrium?
ampulla
84
What is the receptor for dynamic equilibrium?
ampulla
85
Hair cells when bent cause an _________ ____.
action potential
85
Hair cells when bent cause an _________ ____.
action potential
86
Explain dynamic equalibrium.
as head moves one way, cupola dragged in other direction | movement of hair bundles triggers action potential in neurons
86
Explain dynamic equalibrium.
as head moves one way, cupola dragged in other direction | movement of hair bundles triggers action potential in neurons
87
Explain static equilibrium.
hair bundles move hair cells release neurotransmitter action potential generated in sensory neuron
87
Explain static equilibrium.
hair bundles move hair cells release neurotransmitter action potential generated in sensory neuron

Anatomy And Physiology (18 decks)

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