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Anatomy And Physiology > Special senses > Flashcards

Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 special senses?

A 
smell (olfactory)
taste (gustatory)
vision
hearing
equallibrium
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2
Q

Where are the special senses all found?

A

in complex sensory organs in the head

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3
Q

How does stimuli get converted to nerve impulses?

A

by special senses

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4
Q

What are the 2 categories of senses?

A

general

special

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5
Q

What are the 2 chemical senses?

A

smell (olfactory)

taste (gustatory)

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6
Q

Where do the chemical senses go and what does this account for?

A
  • project to the cerebral cortex and the limbic system

- meaning chemical senses can evoke emotional responses

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7
Q

What does the olfactory sense do?

A

dissolved odorants bind to receptor in the nose and sends impulse to cranial nerve 1 (olfactory nerve)

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8
Q

How rapidly does adaptation in the olfactory system take?

A
  • 50% in 1 sec

- complete in 1 min

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9
Q

What is the olfactory epithellium?

A

area of the ethmoid bone with pores(have axons in them) and 10-100 millianreceptors of smell

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10
Q

What does the olfactory gland do?

A

produces mucus

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11
Q

The olfactory neurons are the only neurons that do what?

A

regenerate

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12
Q

Olfactory neurones bipolar neuron last how long?

A

1 month

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13
Q

What are basal cells in the olfactory nervous system?

A

stem cells

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14
Q

What is the gustatory sense?

A

taste

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15
Q

What kind of substances bind to taste bud on the tongue, soft palate, larynx?

A

dissolved chemical senses

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16
Q

Where are taste buds?

A

tongue
soft palate
larynx

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17
Q

What are the 5 different classes of taste?

A 
sour
bitter
sweet
salty
umamin (savory taste)
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18
Q

What are papillae?

A

taste buds found on sides of vallate and fungiform papillae

- filiform papillae has nothing to do with taste, increases friction

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19
Q

What are taste buds made up of?

A
  • gustatory hairs
  • supporting cells
  • gustatory receptor cell (life span is 10 days)
  • basal cells
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20
Q

How many senses are on each receptor cell of a taste bud?

A

more than 1 of the 5 tastes

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21
Q

How are nerve impulses generated on the tongue?

A

dissolved substances bind to gustatory hairs generating a nerve impulse

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22
Q

How quickly does adaptation occur with taste buds?

A

complete adaptation in 1-5 min

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23
Q

Most senses of taste are actually stimulation of _______ receptors.

A

olfactory (smell)

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24
Q

What 2 other elements is taste dependant on?

A

texture and temperature

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25
Q

What are 2 main structure of the eye?

A

accessory and external structures

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26
Q

What are the accessory structures?

A

conjunctiva
eyelid (palpebra)
tarsal glands

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27
Q

What is the conjunctiva (accessory structure)?

A

mucosa lining lid covering the front of the eye

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28
Q

What is the palpebra (accessory structure)?

A

the eyelid which protects and lubricates

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29
Q

Where does the reflex of blinking come from?

A

medulla

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30
Q

What are tarsal glands (accessory structure)?

A

oily secretion come from tarsal glands and keep lids from sticking together

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31
Q

What gland do tears come from?

A

lacrimal gland

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32
Q

What is the bactericidal enzyme in tears?

A

lysozyme (kills bacteria)

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33
Q

How much tears do you produce in a day?

A

1ml that gets spread across they eye when blinking

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34
Q

How do tears travel?

A

from lacrimal gland > lacrimal duct > lacrimal canal > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct > nasal cavity

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35
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct do?

A

drains tears in to the nasal cavity

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36
Q

What are the 6 extrinsic eye muscles that move the eye?

A 
superior rectus
medial rectus
inferior rectus
lateral rectus
inferior oblique
superior oblique
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37
Q

What are the 3 layer of the wall of the eye?

A

fibrous tunic
vascular tunic
nervous tunic

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38
Q

What does the fibres tunic contain?

A 
cornea (transparent, covers anterior 1/6 of eye)
sclera layer (tough fibrous layer; white, covers all but anterior potion; maintains shape and protects content)
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39
Q

What are some characteristics of the cornea?

A

transparent, covers anterior 1/6 of eye

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40
Q

Describe the sclera.

A

tough fibrous layer; white, covers all but anterior potion; maintains shape and protects content

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41
Q

What (5) things does the vascular tunic contain?

A 
iris
lens
suspensory ligament
ciliary body
choroid layer
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42
Q

Describe the choroid layer (in vascular tunic) of they eye.

A
  • vascular, pigmented (black) layer (so it doesn’t reflect and effect the image)
  • absorbs light
  • supplies blood to structures within the eye
43
Q

What are the 2 components of the ciliary body (in vascular tunic)?

A 
- ciliary processes 
Specialized folds on specialized ciliary body
secrete aqueous humor			
- ciliary muscle
smooth muscle that alters shape of lens
44
Q

Describe the ciliary process (in vascular tunic).

A

Specialized folds on specialized ciliary body

secrete aqueous humor

45
Q

Describe the ciliary muscle(in vascular tunic).

A

smooth muscle that alters shape of lens

46
Q

What is the aqueous humour (in vascular tunic)?

A

the clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea.

47
Q

Describe the iris (in vascular tunic).

A

anterior extension of choroid
visible through cornea as pigmented ring of muscle
regulates pupil size under control of ANS

48
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the iris(in vascular tunic)?

A

circular fibers constrict pupil (innervated by parasympathetic n.s.)
radial fibers dilate pupil (innervated by sympathetic n.s.)

49
Q

What do the circular fibres of the iris (in vascular tunic) do?

A

constrict pupil

50
Q

What do the radial fibres of the iris (in vascular tunic) do?

A

dilate pupil

51
Q

Describe the lens of the vascular tunic.

A
  • avascular
  • focuses light on retina
  • held in place by suspensory ligaments
52
Q

What holds the lens in place?

A

suspensory ligament

53
Q

What (4) things are in the nervous tunic?

A

retina
optic disc
fovea centralis
optic nerve

54
Q

Describe the retina

A
  • lines posterior 3/4 of eyeball
  • contains photoreceptor
    rods (grey scale)
    cones(colour)
55
Q

Describe the fovea centralist.

A

max. visual acuity (perception) where lens predict image

56
Q

Describe the optic disc.

A
  • the blind spot
  • blood vessels, optic n. leave eye here
  • no photoreceptors
57
Q

What are the 3 types of cells of the retina?

A

photoreceptors (rods and cones)
bipolar cells
Ganglion cells

58
Q

What is the significance of having 3 types of cones?

A

they are all more sensitive to particular wavelengths (colours) due to the presence of photopigments (rhodopsins)

59
Q

What do rhodopsins do?

A

they are photopigments that are in cones that help us see colour

60
Q

What are the 2 cavities of the eye?

A 
Anterior cavity (containing an anterior and posterior aqueous filled chambers)
Posterior cavity (containing vitreous chamber)
61
Q

What is the aqueous humour?

A
  • produced by ciliary body (processes)
  • maintains constant intraocular pressure
  • nourishes lens and cornea
  • replaced every 90 minutes
62
Q

What is vitreous humour?

A

jelly-like substance that supports eye aka gelatinous

63
Q

What is accommodation?

A
  • lens of the eye changes shape to focus on objects at different distances
  • this is done by stretching or relaxing the ciliary muscle
64
Q

What is refraction?

A
  • bending of light as it passes from one substance to a 2nd substance with a different density; helps us land image on posterior surface of the retina
  • light is refracted by the ant. and post. surfaces of cornea and lens
  • 75% by cornea, 25% by lens
65
Q

What is the region of the retina where vision is best?

A

fovea centralis

66
Q

What is the point where blood vessels and optic nerve are attached to the eye and there are no photoreceptors?

A

the optic disc/ blind spot

67
Q

Where does the visual information travel to?

A

visual information travels to

  • occipital lobe (vision)
  • midbrain (pupil size, coordination of head, eye movements)
  • hypothalamus (sleep patterns)
68
Q

Which lobe sees which half of the world?

A

the left occipital lobe sees the right half of the world (receiving input from both eyes) and the right occipital lobe sees the left half of the world (receiving input from both eyes)

69
Q

In what order does light pass through the eye?

A 
cornea
aqueous humour (pupil)
lens
vitreous humour
retina
choroid
70
Q

What component make up the outer ear?

A 
pinna (auricle)
external auditory canal (meatus)
tympanic membrane (ear drum)
71
Q

Where is ear wax (cerumen) secreted from?

A

ceruminous glands in external auditory canal

72
Q

Describe the middle ear.

A 
air-filled cavity in temporal bone
extends from tympanic membrane to oval and round window
contains ossicles (smallest bones in the human body) THE BIG IDEA
72
Q

Describe the middle ear.

A 
air-filled cavity in temporal bone
extends from tympanic membrane to oval and round window
contains ossicles (smallest bones in the human body) THE BIG IDEA
73
Q

What are the 3 ossicles called?

A

malleus
incus
stapes

73
Q

What are the 3 ossicles called?

A

malleus
incus
stapes

74
Q

What do the ossicles do?

A

conduct sound vibrations from tympani membrane to the oval window

74
Q

What do the ossicles do?

A

conduct sound vibrations from tympani membrane to the oval window

75
Q

What do we do to protect our ossicles from loud noises?

A

contract ossicle skeletal muscle (tensor tymani) to limit the ossicle movement

75
Q

What do we do to protect our ossicles from loud noises?

A

contract ossicle skeletal muscle (tensor tymani) to limit the ossicle movement

76
Q

What does the eustachian tube do?

A
  • connects middle ear to nasopharynx (in the back of the throat)
  • allow air to move in and our o middle ear to equalize pressure
76
Q

What does the eustachian tube do?

A
  • connects middle ear to nasopharynx (in the back of the throat)
  • allow air to move in and our o middle ear to equalize pressure
77
Q

Describe the inner ear.

A

bony labyrinth (hollow chamber in temporal bone)
filled with perilymph
includes vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea
surrounds membranous labyrinth

77
Q

Describe the inner ear.

A

bony labyrinth (hollow chamber in temporal bone)
filled with perilymph
includes vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea
surrounds membranous labyrinth

78
Q

describe the membranous labyrinth.

A

membranous tubes filled with endolymph
consists of:
utricle, saccule, semi-circular ducts (balance)
cochlear duct (hearing)

78
Q

describe the membranous labyrinth.

A

membranous tubes filled with endolymph
consists of:
utricle, saccule, semi-circular ducts (balance)
cochlear duct (hearing)

79
Q

Describe the chochlea.

A

3 coiled tubes (resembles snail shell)

contains organ of Corti (hearing, converts vibrations into action potentials)

79
Q

Describe the chochlea.

A

3 coiled tubes (resembles snail shell)

contains organ of Corti (hearing, converts vibrations into action potentials)

80
Q

What converts vibrations into action potentials?

A

Organ of Corti

then sends down cochlear nerve

80
Q

What converts vibrations into action potentials?

A

Organ of Corti

then sends down cochlear nerve

81
Q

describe the cochlea function.

A
  1. sound waves start at tympanic membrane
  2. movement of tympanic membrane starts ossicles to move
  3. stapes push on perilymph of scala vestibule at oval window
  4. vibrations move to scala tympani
  5. then to cochlear duct (central structure vibrates)
81
Q

describe the cochlea function.

A
  1. sound waves start at tympanic membrane
  2. movement of tympanic membrane starts ossicles to move
  3. stapes push on perilymph of scala vestibule at oval window
  4. vibrations move to scala tympani
  5. then to cochlear duct (central structure vibrates)
82
Q

How does the organ of corti work?

A

vibration of basilar membrane bends hair cells that send impulses in cochlear n.
different frequencies vibrate different parts of membrane

82
Q

How does the organ of corti work?

A

vibration of basilar membrane bends hair cells that send impulses in cochlear n.
different frequencies vibrate different parts of membrane

83
Q

What are the receptors for static equilibrium?

A

utricle

saccule

83
Q

What are the receptors for static equilibrium?

A

utricle

saccule

84
Q

What is the receptor for dynamic equilibrium?

A

ampulla

84
Q

What is the receptor for dynamic equilibrium?

A

ampulla

85
Q

Hair cells when bent cause an _________ ____.

A

action potential

85
Q

Hair cells when bent cause an _________ ____.

A

action potential

86
Q

Explain dynamic equalibrium.

A

as head moves one way, cupola dragged in other direction

movement of hair bundles triggers action potential in neurons

86
Q

Explain dynamic equalibrium.

A

as head moves one way, cupola dragged in other direction

movement of hair bundles triggers action potential in neurons

87
Q

Explain static equilibrium.

A

hair bundles move
hair cells release neurotransmitter
action potential generated in sensory neuron

87
Q

Explain static equilibrium.

A

hair bundles move
hair cells release neurotransmitter
action potential generated in sensory neuron

Anatomy And Physiology (18 decks)

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