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Anatomy And Physiology > Sensory, motor, and integrative system > Flashcards

Sensory, motor, and integrative system Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation?

A

Conscious or unconscious awareness of any stimulus

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

Conscious awareness and interpretations of the meaning of a sensation

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3
Q

Define sensory modality.

A

sensory modality, is one aspect of a stimulus or what we perceive after a stimulus. For example the temperature modality is registered after heat or cold stimulate a receptor.

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4
Q

How many stimuluses does a receptor respond to?

A

only one!!!

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5
Q

What are the classifications of senses?

A

general

special

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6
Q

What 4 kinds of general sense receptors are found through out the body?

A

touch
vibration
temperature
pain

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7
Q

What kind of receptors are found in muscles and joints?

A

proprioceptors

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8
Q

Define special senses.

A

receptors found in specialized organs that respond to specific stimuli
all found in the head

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9
Q

What are the 5 kinds of special senses?

A 
taste
hearing
vision
smell
equilibrium
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10
Q

How can we classify receptors?

A

structure
location
nature of stimulus

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11
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications of receptors?

A
  1. Free nerve endings
  2. Encapsulated nerve endings
  3. Separate sensory cells
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12
Q

What are some characteristics of free nerve endings, and what do they sense?

A
  • have bare dendrites

- sense pain, temperature, tickle, itch, light touch

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of encapsulated nerve endings and what do they sense?

A
  • dendrites are enclosed in connective tissue capsules

- sense pressure, vibration, deep touch

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14
Q

What are some characteristics of separate sensory cells, and what do they sense?

A
  • specialized cells that respond to stimuli

- sense vision, taste, hearing, balance

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15
Q

What are the 3 location classifications of senses?

A
  1. Exteroreceptors- near surface of body
  2. Interoreceptors- monitor internal environment
  3. Proprioceptors- in muscle, tendons, joints, & inner ear
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16
Q

What are exteroreceptors?

A
  • receptors found near the surface of the body
  • receive external stimuli
  • sense hearing, vision, smell, touch, taste, pressure, pain, vibration and temperature
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17
Q

What are interoreceptors?

A
  • receptors found in internal environment that monitor and only sense pain and pressure
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18
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A
  • found in muscle tendons, joints and inner ear

- sense body positions and movement

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19
Q

What are the (5) sense receptor classifications based on the nature of the stimulus?

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors-pressure/stretch
  2. Thermo receptors- temperature
  3. Nociceptors- tissue damage
  4. Photoreceptors- light/vision
  5. Chemoreceptors- specific molecules
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20
Q

What do mechanoreceptors sense?

A

PRESSURE and STRETCH

  • touch
  • pressure
  • vibration
  • hearing
  • proprioception
  • equilibrium
  • blood pressure/ hydrostatic pressure
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21
Q

What do thermoreceptors sense?

A

sense TEMPERATURE

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22
Q

What do nociceptors sense?

A

sense TISSUE DAMAGE or PAIN

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23
Q

What do photoreceptors sense?

A

LIGHT and VISION

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24
Q

What do chemoreceptors sense?

A

SPECIFIC MOLECULES ( taste, smell, changes in body fluid)

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25
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A
  • decreased sensitivity to a sustained stimulus;
  • ability to adapt varies:
    • smell pressure and touch receptor as fast
    • pain, body position receptors are slow
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26
Q

What senses are slow to adapt?

A

pain and body position

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27
Q

What senses are fast to adapt?

A

smell, pressure, touch receptors

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28
Q

What is somatic tactile sensation?

A

touch

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29
Q

What are the different kinds of somatic tactile sensations?

A
  • crude touch
  • discriminatory touch
  • pressure
  • vibration
  • itch
  • tickle
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30
Q

What is crude touch?

A

perception that something has touched the skin

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31
Q

What is discriminatory touch?

A

provides the detail (location, texture of source)

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32
Q

What is pressure?

A

sustained sensation over large area

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33
Q

What is vibration?

A

rapid repetitive sensory signals

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34
Q

What is itch?

A

chemical irritation of nerve endings

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35
Q

What is tickle?

A

stimulation of free nerve endings

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36
Q

What are (6) skin receptors?

A

Nociceptors- pain
Hair root plexus- movement of hair
Pacinian corpuscles- pressure high freq. vibration
Merkel disc- discriminatory touch
Meissner corpuscles-vibration/discriminatory touch
Raffini corpuscles- pressure and sustained touch

37
Q

What temperature do cold receptors respond to?

A

10-40 degrees Celsious

38
Q

What temperature do warm receptors respond to?

A

32-48 degrees Celsius

39
Q

At what temperatures do the pain receptors start to respond?

A

below 10C and above 48C

40
Q

What are some characteristics of nociceptors?

A
  • free nerve endings
  • in all tissue except brain
  • stimulated by excessive distension (swelling or pressure), muscle spasm, inadequate blood flow
  • little or slow adaptation occurs
41
Q

What are the (2) types of pain?

A

Fast (acute) pain- sharp, rapid onset

Slow (chronic) pain- ache/throb

42
Q

What is acute pain?

A
  • SHARP, RAPID onset (.1 sec)

- felt in SUPERFICIAL tissue only

43
Q

What is chronic pain?

A
  • THROB/ACHE that has a SLOW onset felt in SUPERFICIAL and DEEP
  • Increase in intensity
44
Q

What are the (3) localizations of pain?

A

Superficial somatic pain- from skin
Deep somatic pain- from muscle, joint, tendon &
fascia
Visceral pain- from visceral organs

45
Q

What is referred pain?

A

visceral pain felt just deep to skin ver affected organ or in skin area served from the same spinal cord segment
(my arms)

46
Q

What are proprioceptors found?

A

sensory information form muscles, tendons, joint capsules, receptors in ear, to cerebellum and cerebral cortex

47
Q

What is kinesthesia?

A

the perception of body movement

48
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A
  • report changes in muscle length; impulses to CNS allow brain to regulate muscle tone
49
Q

What is the golgi tendon organ?

A
  • found at junctions of tendons and muscles

- protects tendon and muscle (sends impulses to CNS when overly stretched causes muscles to relax)

50
Q

What are the 2 joint receptors?

A
  1. Ruffini corpuscle- responds to pressure; found in joint capsules
  2. Pacinian corpuscle- in connective tissue surrounding the joints; responds to acceleration/deceleration
51
Q

In which direction do sensory pathways run?

A

from peripheral receptors to primary sensory area of the cerebrum (consists of 3 neurons)

52
Q

What are the 3 neurones in sensory pathways

A

1st order neuron (primary/sensory neurone)
2nd order neuron (carries info up spinal cord to the thalamus)
(thalamus receive info sends it in the right direction)
3rd order neuron (moves from thalamus to sensory cortex)

53
Q

What is the 1st order neuron?

A
  • peripheral neuron
  • cell body in dorsal root ganglion
  • carries impulses from receptors all through to body to spinal cord or brain stem
54
Q

What is a second order neuron?

A
  • cell body in the grey matter of the spinal cord or brain stem
  • carries impulse to thalamus
55
Q

What is the 3rd order neuron?

A
  • cell body is in the thalamus

- carries impulses from the thalamus to the primary sensory area of the cerebral cortex

56
Q

Input from 3rd order neuron goes where?

A

the the primary sensory cortex (post central gyrus)

57
Q

What are the 3 sensory pathways?

A

posterior column
spinothalamic tracts
spinocerebellar tract

58
Q

The posterior column transmits from receptors in ___, ____, and ____

A

skin
muscles
joints

59
Q

In the posterior columns how does the information travel?

A

ascends ipsilaterally(same side) in dorsal funiculus to the medulla where it CROSSES ascends contra laterally to the thalamus

60
Q

Posterior columns transmit sensation of what?

A
  • pressure
  • discriminative touch (fine)
  • conscious proprioception
  • steriognosis (recognition of touch)
  • vibration
61
Q

What is stereognosis?

A

recognition of touch

62
Q

The right side to the body is controlled by the left side of the brain, where does the neurone cross the information?

A

medulla

63
Q

What are the 2 types of spinothalamic tracts?

A

lateral & anterior

64
Q

Where do the tracts cross within the spinothalamic tracts?

A

in the spinal cord;

then ascends contra laterally to the thalamus

65
Q

Describe the lateral spinothalamic tract.

A
  • located in lateral funiculus

- tansmits sensation of pain and temperature

66
Q

What is a funiculus?

A

A funiculus is a bundle of one or more nerve fascicles

67
Q

Describe the anterior spinothalamic tracts.

A
  • in anterior funiculus

- transmits sensation of crude touch, itch, tickle, bowel & bladder fullness, sexual sensation

68
Q

Describe the spinocerebellar tract.

A
  • located in lateral funiculi; travels to the cerebellum
  • function in unconscious proprioception
    • maintaining posture
    • co-ordination of complex movement
  • receive info from both sides of the body
69
Q

Describe the anterior spinocerebellar tract.

A

anterior spinocerebellor tract crosses in the spinal cord and ascends CONTRALATERALLY to cerebellum

70
Q

Describe the posterior spinocerebellar tract.

A

posterior spinocerebellar tract crosses IPSALATERALLY

71
Q

In the spinocerebellar tracts are both hemispheres of the brain receiving info or just one?
IMPORTANT

A

BOTH hemispheres receive info

72
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

coordinates movement so we need info from both sides of the body at the same time
(cerebrum cannot do this)

73
Q

Describe the primary MOTOR cortex.

A
  • found pre central gyrus
  • initiates voluntary movement
  • cells are called upper motor neurons
  • 1 million upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex (axons found in internal capsules and pyramids)
74
Q

What are upper motor neurons?

A
  • extend from primary motor cortex to ventral horn of spinal cord
  • UMN are in the CNS with cell bodies in the brain
  • terminate on lower motor neurons
75
Q

What are lower motor neurons?

A
  • peripheral neurons
  • cell bodies in ventral horn of spinal cord
  • terminate on effector
76
Q

What are the 2 types of motor pathways?

A

indirect (extrapyramidal)

direct (pyramidal)

77
Q

Describe direct pathways.

A

extrapyramidal tract neurons extend uninterrupted from primary motor cortex to ventral horn of spinal cord
- controls muscle tone, precise voluntary movement on contralateral side of the body

78
Q

What percentage of pyramidal (direct) tracts cross in medulla and what percent cross in the spinal cord

A
  • 90% decussate (CROSS) in MEDULLA then descend as the LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL tract
  • 10% descend uncrossed as ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL tracts then CROSS in SPINAL CORD
79
Q

Lateral corticospinal tracts cross in the ______.

A

medula

80
Q

Anterior corticospinal tracts cross in the _____ ____.

A

spinal cord

81
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract do?

A
  • precise, skilled movement of limbs, hands, and feet
82
Q

What does the anterior corticospinal tract do?

A
  • moves neck and trunk muscles
83
Q

What is spastic paralysis?

A

damage to upper motor neuron (UMN)

  • paralysis, hyperreflexia ( on opposite side of injury
  • increased muscle tone
84
Q

What is flaccid paralysis?

A
  • when lower motor neuron (LMN) is damaged

- no voluntary movement or reflexes on same side as damage

85
Q

There are ______ pathways from the brain to ventral horn but the ____ is the only pathway from the ventral horn to effector

A

several

LMN

86
Q

What do the basal nuclei do?

A
  • help program planned movements & automatic movement sequences
  • they suppress unwanted movement by inhin=biting other motor circuits
87
Q

If there is damage to the basal nuclei what happens?

A

tremors and twitches

88
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A
  • monitors intentions for movement (input from cerebral cortex)
  • monitors actual movement (feedback from proprioceptors)
  • compares intentions with actual movement
  • sends corrective signals to the motor cortex
89
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

controls leaned, coordinated skilled movements

- posture and equilibrium

Anatomy And Physiology (18 decks)

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