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Anatomy And Physiology > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons cannot store glucose so what do we have to do?

A

keep a good balance of glucose/ ATP in the blood

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messengers that act on specific target tissues; affect metabolism of target cels/ tissue

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3
Q

What are the general functions of hormones?

A

they regulate;

  • ECF
  • Metabolism
  • biological clock
  • cardiac/smooth muscle contraction
  • glandular secretinos
  • reproduction
  • some immune functions
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4
Q

Hormones affect only those cells with _______membrane proteins (receptors; for hormones)

A

specific

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5
Q

What happens to hormones receptors when hormones increase?

A

down-regulation (decrease receptors)

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6
Q

What happens to hormone receptors when hormones are too low?

A

up- regulation (increases receptors)

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of local hormones?

A

paracrine (act on neighbouring cells)

autocrine (act on the cell secreting them)

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8
Q

What is an autocrine local hormone?

A

acts on the cell secreting it

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9
Q

What is a paracrine local hormone?

A

acts on neighbouring cells

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10
Q

What are circulating hormones?

A

hormones that act on distant targets and travel to them by through the blood

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical hormones?

A

lipid soluble

water soluble

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of lipid-soluble hormones?

A

steroids
thyroid hormones
nitric oxide

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13
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A
  • cholesterol based
  • secrete from adrenal cortex (as cortisol, aldosterone), from testes (as testosterone), from ovaries and placenta (as estrogen and progesterone)
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14
Q

What does aldosterone from the adrenal cortex do?

A

helps regulate blood volume/pressure by reabsorbing sodium

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15
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

cortisol

aldosterone

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16
Q

What do the testes secrete?

A

testosterone

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17
Q

What do the ovaries and placenta secrete?

A

estrogen and progesterone

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18
Q

What are thyroid hormones?

A
  • a lipid soluble hormone that is derived from tyrosine and secreted from the thyroid gland as triiodothyrine (T3), and thyroxine (T4)
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19
Q

What are the 2 types of thyroid hormones?

A

triodothyronine (T3)

thyroxine (T4)

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20
Q

What is the lipid soluble hormone nitric oxide?

A
  • a gas
  • released by endothelial cells lining the blood vessels
  • vasodilator
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21
Q

What are the 3 categories of water-soluble hormones?

A
  • amines
  • peptides and protein hormones
  • eicosanoids
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22
Q

What are amine hormones?

A
  • derived from amino acids

- secreted from adrenal medulla (catecholamines- E, NE) and from mast cells (histamines)

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23
Q

What are peptide hormones?

A

hormones secreted from pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreas

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24
Q

What hormones are secreted from the pituitary?

A

ACTH, GH, TSH, ADH, oxytocin

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25
Q

What hormone is secreted from the parathyroid?

A

PTH

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26
Q

What hormones are secreted from the pancreas?

A

insulin & glucagon

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27
Q

What are Eicosanoids?

A
  • derived from arachidonic acid
  • secreted from all cells except red blood cells
  • important local hormone
  • includes prostaglandins, leukotrienes
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28
Q

What are peptides?

A

typically short proteins

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29
Q

How do protein hormones circulate in the blood?

A

in free form

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30
Q

How do lipid soluble hormones circulate through the blood?

A

binds to transport protein to improve transport, makes them water soluble, allows them to be excreted through the urine, creates reserve of hormones in the blood stream

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31
Q

Where are receptors for lipid soluble hormones found?

A

inside the cell

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32
Q

Where are receptors for water soluble hormones found?

A

in the surface of the cell

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33
Q

What can the binding of a hormone cause?

A
  • can cause synthesis of new molecules
  • change in membrane permeability
  • changes in rate of reactions within the target cell
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34
Q

What does the effect of the hormone depend on?

A

the target cell

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35
Q

What do lipid soluble hormones do?

A
  • when they enter the cell they bind to receptor turning specific gene on or off
  • new mRNA formed, to direct synthesis of new protein
  • the new proteins alter the cells activity
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36
Q

What do water-soluble hormones do?

A
  1. bind to receptor on the outside of the cell
  2. binding activeates g-protien
  3. G protein initiates conversion of ATP to cAMP
  4. cAMP activates protein kinases to influence various metabolic activity
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37
Q

What are the 3 controls of the endocrine secretions?

A
  • neural
  • endocrine (hormonal)
  • humoral
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38
Q

How does neural control work?

A
  • direct stimulation by the ANS
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39
Q

How does endocrine control work?

A

stimulation by tropic hormones

40
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

hormones that act on another endocrine gland

41
Q

How does humoral control work?

A

blood level of certain substances are sense directly by endocrine tissue

42
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

A

hypophysis

43
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A
  • pea-sized gland

- located in sella turcica (the depression of the sphenoid bone

44
Q

What is the depression of the spend bone where the pituitary gland sits called?

A

sella turcica

45
Q

What are the 2 lobes of the pituitary?

A

anterior and posterior (control different things)

46
Q

What is the anterior pituitary controlled by?

A

phypophyseal portal system

47
Q

What is the posterior pituitary controlled by?

A

hypothalamohypophyseal tract

48
Q

why is it called a portal system?

A

because blood that moves from one capillary bed to another capillary bed without going back to the heart

49
Q

What are the 4 components of the hypophyseal portal system?

A
  • hypothalamic neurons
  • primary capillaries
  • hypophyseal portal venules
  • second capillaries
50
Q

where is the hypothalamic releasing hormone secreted from and what path does it take?

A

secreted from hypothalamic neurons

  • hypothalamic neurons > primary capillaries > hypophyseal portal venules > secondary capillary bed
  • causes target cells in anterior pituitary to release their hormones to the blood
51
Q

How does the hypophyseal portal system work?

A 
ORGAN A (hypothalamus)
(releases)
HORMONE A (FSHRH)
(acts on)
ORGAN B
(releases)
HORMONE B (FSH)
(acts on)
ORGAN C (overies)
(releases)
HORMONE C (estrogen)
52
Q

Hypophyseal portal system is an example of ______ control

A

tropic control

53
Q

What are the steps of the hypophyseal portal system?

A
  1. blood low in cortisol enters hypothalamus
  2. hypothalamic neurons release ACTHRH into primary capillary
  3. ACTHRH is delivered to ant. pituitary via portal venules
  4. ACTHRH causes cells of ant. pituitary to produce and secrete ACTH into secondary capillary
  5. ACTH released into circulation
  6. adrenal cortex releases cortisal
54
Q

What are some examples of tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)
ACTH( Adrenocorticotropic hormone )
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

55
Q

What are the non tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary?

A

GH

Prolactin

56
Q

Describe thyroid stimulating hormone.

A

secreted by thyrotrophs
target: thyroid gland
stimulates release of thyroid hormones (T3, T4)

57
Q

Describe the follicle stimulating hormone.

A 
secreted by gonadotrophs
target: 
ovaries in females
growth of Graafian follicle
release of estrogens
testes in males
-sperm production
58
Q

describe LH (luteinizing hormone).

A 
secreted by gonadotrophs
target: 
ovaries in females
ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
release of estrogens and progesterone
testes in males
- testosterone production
59
Q

Describe the Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH.

A

secreted by corticotrophs
target: adrenal cortex
stimulates glucocorticoid secretion

60
Q

Describe prolactin

A

secreted by lactotrophs
target: breast (not an endocrine gland)
stimulates breast development and milk production
(not tropic)

61
Q

Describe growth hormone.

A

secreted by somatotrophs
target: most body cells (liver, skeletal muscle, cartilage, bone)
stimulates growth
(mainly not tropic hormones)

62
Q

What does the growth hormone do?

A

increases synthesis of insulin like growth factors by target cells
increases cell growth, mitosis
increases lipolysis in adipose tissue
decreases use of glucose utilization

63
Q

What is lypopsis?

A

break down of lipids

64
Q

How is the growth hormone regulated?

A

THROUGH BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

  • when there is low blood sugar growth hormone releasing hormone is released from the hypothalamus causes an increase of hGH secretions causing blood sugar to increase
  • when blood sugar increases GHIH causes lower amount os secretions of hGH causing blood sugar to drop
65
Q

What does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

neurohormones which stimulate the release of ADH and axytocin

66
Q

describe oxytocin.

A

target: uterus, breasts

- stimulates uterine contraptions / milk ejection

67
Q

describe ADH & vasopressin.

A

target; kidneys

  • stimulates reabsorption of water (causing less urine production and less sweating)
  • increases blood pressure
68
Q

What stimulates secretion of ADH from the hypothalamus?

A

increased osmotic pressure activates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus and is causes ADH secretion

69
Q

What does the thyroid produce?

A

TH and calcitonin

70
Q

What are the 2 lobes connected by in the thyroid?

A

isthmus

71
Q

Within the thyroid gland what are the main cells?

A 
follicular cells (form wall of follicle; produce T &T4)
parafollicular cells (btw follicles; produce calcitonin)
72
Q

What are the thyroid follicles filled with?

A

colloid (thyroglubin)

73
Q

What are the 2 hormones we store?

A

T3 and T4

74
Q

Thyroid hormones are formed by adding what 2 elements?

A

formed by adding iodine to tyrosine
tyrosine and 1 iodine = monoiodotyrosine (MIT)
tyrosine and 2 iodines = diiodotyrosine (DIT)

75
Q

What is combined in order to make triiodothyronin (T3)?

A

MIT (monoiodotryosine) and DIT (diiodotryosine)

76
Q

What is combined in order to form thyroxine (T4)?

A

DIT (diiodotyrosine) and DIT (diiodotyrosine)

77
Q

Of T3 and T4 which is a circulating hormone and which is an activating hormone?

A

T3 activating

T4 circulating

78
Q

What are the thyroid hormones function?

A

Targets; MOST BODY CELLS

  • increases BMR (basal metabolic rate)
  • increases body temp
  • increases CNS activity
  • increasee protien synthesis, lipolysis, cholesterol excretion (in bile)
79
Q

What is cacitonin?

A

thyroid hormone that targets bones to lower calcium (by sure of osteoblasts)

80
Q

What does the parathyroid gland produce?

A

parathyroid hormone

81
Q

Main cells in the parathyroid gland are?

A 
principle cells (produce PTH)
Oxyphyl cells (unknown function)
82
Q

What does the parathyrone do?

A

targets bones and kidneys to lower calcium and decrease blood phosphate

83
Q

How doe parathyrone increase blood calcium?

A

uses osteoclasts

84
Q

Describe the adrenal glands.

A

found superior to the kidneys and have 2 functional units surrounded by adipose tissue

85
Q

What are the components of the adrenal gland?

A
  • adrenal cortex (outer region)
    • 3 layers, PRODUCES steroid hormones
  • Adrenal medulla (inner region)
    • produces E & NE
86
Q

What are the (3) different classes of steroid hormones?

A

mineralocorticoids
glucocordicoids
adrogens

87
Q

Describe mineralocorticoids.

A

steroid hormone that targets the kidney

- conserves sodium and increases potassium loss

88
Q

How do we regulate aldosterone?

A

RAAS system

- secretion stimulated by dehydration, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hemorrhage

89
Q

Describe glucocorticoids (95% cortisol).

A
  • increase blood glucose (increases protein catabolism, lipolysis, conversion of amino ace sot glucose)
  • antiinflammatory
  • decreases connective tissue production, and immune function
90
Q

What are androgens?

A

small amount of male sex hormone produced by adrenal cortex
- insignificant in males
- contribute to sex drive in females
- converted to estrogen in postmenopausal females
(androgens are testosterone?)

91
Q

Describe the adrenal medulla.

A

chromatin cells produce catecholamine (E, NE) under direct control of sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
- mimic effects of SNS

92
Q

Describe the pancreas

A

posterior to the stomach and is a mixed gland (meaning 99% exocrine acini and1% endocrine cells in Islets of Langerhands)

93
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A 
pancriotic juices (exocrine acini)
produce insulin and glucagon (endocrine Islets of Langerhans produce insulin and glucagon
94
Q

What are the different types of pancreatic tissue?

A
  • Islets of Langehans (secrete hormones insulin and glucagon)
  • Alphacells (secrete glucagon)
  • Beta cells (secrete insulin)
  • Acini (secretes pancreatic juiced)
95
Q

When blood glucose decreases what is secreted from the pancreas?

A

glucagon

96
Q

When blood glucose increases what is secreted from the pancreas?

A

insulin

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