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Anatomy And Physiology > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons cannot store glucose so what do we have to do?

A

keep a good balance of glucose/ ATP in the blood

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messengers that act on specific target tissues; affect metabolism of target cels/ tissue

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3
Q

What are the general functions of hormones?

A

they regulate;

  • ECF
  • Metabolism
  • biological clock
  • cardiac/smooth muscle contraction
  • glandular secretinos
  • reproduction
  • some immune functions
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4
Q

Hormones affect only those cells with _______membrane proteins (receptors; for hormones)

A

specific

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5
Q

What happens to hormones receptors when hormones increase?

A

down-regulation (decrease receptors)

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6
Q

What happens to hormone receptors when hormones are too low?

A

up- regulation (increases receptors)

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of local hormones?

A

paracrine (act on neighbouring cells)

autocrine (act on the cell secreting them)

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8
Q

What is an autocrine local hormone?

A

acts on the cell secreting it

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9
Q

What is a paracrine local hormone?

A

acts on neighbouring cells

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10
Q

What are circulating hormones?

A

hormones that act on distant targets and travel to them by through the blood

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical hormones?

A

lipid soluble

water soluble

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of lipid-soluble hormones?

A

steroids
thyroid hormones
nitric oxide

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13
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A
  • cholesterol based
  • secrete from adrenal cortex (as cortisol, aldosterone), from testes (as testosterone), from ovaries and placenta (as estrogen and progesterone)
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14
Q

What does aldosterone from the adrenal cortex do?

A

helps regulate blood volume/pressure by reabsorbing sodium

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15
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

cortisol

aldosterone

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16
Q

What do the testes secrete?

A

testosterone

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17
Q

What do the ovaries and placenta secrete?

A

estrogen and progesterone

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18
Q

What are thyroid hormones?

A
  • a lipid soluble hormone that is derived from tyrosine and secreted from the thyroid gland as triiodothyrine (T3), and thyroxine (T4)
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19
Q

What are the 2 types of thyroid hormones?

A

triodothyronine (T3)

thyroxine (T4)

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20
Q

What is the lipid soluble hormone nitric oxide?

A
  • a gas
  • released by endothelial cells lining the blood vessels
  • vasodilator
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21
Q

What are the 3 categories of water-soluble hormones?

A
  • amines
  • peptides and protein hormones
  • eicosanoids
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22
Q

What are amine hormones?

A
  • derived from amino acids

- secreted from adrenal medulla (catecholamines- E, NE) and from mast cells (histamines)

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23
Q

What are peptide hormones?

A

hormones secreted from pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreas

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24
Q

What hormones are secreted from the pituitary?

A

ACTH, GH, TSH, ADH, oxytocin

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25
What hormone is secreted from the parathyroid?
PTH
26
What hormones are secreted from the pancreas?
insulin & glucagon
27
What are Eicosanoids?
- derived from arachidonic acid - secreted from all cells except red blood cells - important local hormone - includes prostaglandins, leukotrienes
28
What are peptides?
typically short proteins
29
How do protein hormones circulate in the blood?
in free form
30
How do lipid soluble hormones circulate through the blood?
binds to transport protein to improve transport, makes them water soluble, allows them to be excreted through the urine, creates reserve of hormones in the blood stream
31
Where are receptors for lipid soluble hormones found?
inside the cell
32
Where are receptors for water soluble hormones found?
in the surface of the cell
33
What can the binding of a hormone cause?
- can cause synthesis of new molecules - change in membrane permeability - changes in rate of reactions within the target cell
34
What does the effect of the hormone depend on?
the target cell
35
What do lipid soluble hormones do?
- when they enter the cell they bind to receptor turning specific gene on or off - new mRNA formed, to direct synthesis of new protein - the new proteins alter the cells activity
36
What do water-soluble hormones do?
1. bind to receptor on the outside of the cell 2. binding activeates g-protien 3. G protein initiates conversion of ATP to cAMP 4. cAMP activates protein kinases to influence various metabolic activity
37
What are the 3 controls of the endocrine secretions?
- neural - endocrine (hormonal) - humoral
38
How does neural control work?
- direct stimulation by the ANS
39
How does endocrine control work?
stimulation by tropic hormones
40
What are tropic hormones?
hormones that act on another endocrine gland
41
How does humoral control work?
blood level of certain substances are sense directly by endocrine tissue
42
What is another name for the pituitary gland?
hypophysis
43
What is the pituitary gland?
- pea-sized gland | - located in sella turcica (the depression of the sphenoid bone
44
What is the depression of the spend bone where the pituitary gland sits called?
sella turcica
45
What are the 2 lobes of the pituitary?
anterior and posterior (control different things)
46
What is the anterior pituitary controlled by?
phypophyseal portal system
47
What is the posterior pituitary controlled by?
hypothalamohypophyseal tract
48
why is it called a portal system?
because blood that moves from one capillary bed to another capillary bed without going back to the heart
49
What are the 4 components of the hypophyseal portal system?
- hypothalamic neurons - primary capillaries - hypophyseal portal venules - second capillaries
50
where is the hypothalamic releasing hormone secreted from and what path does it take?
secreted from hypothalamic neurons - hypothalamic neurons > primary capillaries > hypophyseal portal venules > secondary capillary bed - causes target cells in anterior pituitary to release their hormones to the blood
51
How does the hypophyseal portal system work?
``` ORGAN A (hypothalamus) (releases) HORMONE A (FSHRH) (acts on) ORGAN B (releases) HORMONE B (FSH) (acts on) ORGAN C (overies) (releases) HORMONE C (estrogen) ```
52
Hypophyseal portal system is an example of ______ control
tropic control
53
What are the steps of the hypophyseal portal system?
1. blood low in cortisol enters hypothalamus 2. hypothalamic neurons release ACTHRH into primary capillary 3. ACTHRH is delivered to ant. pituitary via portal venules 4. ACTHRH causes cells of ant. pituitary to produce and secrete ACTH into secondary capillary 5. ACTH released into circulation 6. adrenal cortex releases cortisal
54
What are some examples of tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary?
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) LH (luteinizing hormone) ACTH( Adrenocorticotropic hormone ) TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
55
What are the non tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary?
GH | Prolactin
56
Describe thyroid stimulating hormone.
secreted by thyrotrophs target: thyroid gland stimulates release of thyroid hormones (T3, T4)
57
Describe the follicle stimulating hormone.
``` secreted by gonadotrophs target: ovaries in females growth of Graafian follicle release of estrogens testes in males -sperm production ```
58
describe LH (luteinizing hormone).
``` secreted by gonadotrophs target: ovaries in females ovulation and formation of corpus luteum release of estrogens and progesterone testes in males - testosterone production ```
59
Describe the Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH.
secreted by corticotrophs target: adrenal cortex stimulates glucocorticoid secretion
60
Describe prolactin
secreted by lactotrophs target: breast (not an endocrine gland) stimulates breast development and milk production (not tropic)
61
Describe growth hormone.
secreted by somatotrophs target: most body cells (liver, skeletal muscle, cartilage, bone) stimulates growth (mainly not tropic hormones)
62
What does the growth hormone do?
increases synthesis of insulin like growth factors by target cells increases cell growth, mitosis increases lipolysis in adipose tissue decreases use of glucose utilization
63
What is lypopsis?
break down of lipids
64
How is the growth hormone regulated?
THROUGH BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS - when there is low blood sugar growth hormone releasing hormone is released from the hypothalamus causes an increase of hGH secretions causing blood sugar to increase - when blood sugar increases GHIH causes lower amount os secretions of hGH causing blood sugar to drop
65
What does the posterior pituitary secrete?
neurohormones which stimulate the release of ADH and axytocin
66
describe oxytocin.
target: uterus, breasts | - stimulates uterine contraptions / milk ejection
67
describe ADH & vasopressin.
target; kidneys - stimulates reabsorption of water (causing less urine production and less sweating) - increases blood pressure
68
What stimulates secretion of ADH from the hypothalamus?
increased osmotic pressure activates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus and is causes ADH secretion
69
What does the thyroid produce?
TH and calcitonin
70
What are the 2 lobes connected by in the thyroid?
isthmus
71
Within the thyroid gland what are the main cells?
``` follicular cells (form wall of follicle; produce T &T4) parafollicular cells (btw follicles; produce calcitonin) ```
72
What are the thyroid follicles filled with?
colloid (thyroglubin)
73
What are the 2 hormones we store?
T3 and T4
74
Thyroid hormones are formed by adding what 2 elements?
formed by adding iodine to tyrosine tyrosine and 1 iodine = monoiodotyrosine (MIT) tyrosine and 2 iodines = diiodotyrosine (DIT)
75
What is combined in order to make triiodothyronin (T3)?
MIT (monoiodotryosine) and DIT (diiodotryosine)
76
What is combined in order to form thyroxine (T4)?
DIT (diiodotyrosine) and DIT (diiodotyrosine)
77
Of T3 and T4 which is a circulating hormone and which is an activating hormone?
T3 activating | T4 circulating
78
What are the thyroid hormones function?
Targets; MOST BODY CELLS - increases BMR (basal metabolic rate) - increases body temp - increases CNS activity - increasee protien synthesis, lipolysis, cholesterol excretion (in bile)
79
What is cacitonin?
thyroid hormone that targets bones to lower calcium (by sure of osteoblasts)
80
What does the parathyroid gland produce?
parathyroid hormone
81
Main cells in the parathyroid gland are?
``` principle cells (produce PTH) Oxyphyl cells (unknown function) ```
82
What does the parathyrone do?
targets bones and kidneys to lower calcium and decrease blood phosphate
83
How doe parathyrone increase blood calcium?
uses osteoclasts
84
Describe the adrenal glands.
found superior to the kidneys and have 2 functional units surrounded by adipose tissue
85
What are the components of the adrenal gland?
- adrenal cortex (outer region) - 3 layers, PRODUCES steroid hormones - Adrenal medulla (inner region) - produces E & NE
86
What are the (3) different classes of steroid hormones?
mineralocorticoids glucocordicoids adrogens
87
Describe mineralocorticoids.
steroid hormone that targets the kidney | - conserves sodium and increases potassium loss
88
How do we regulate aldosterone?
RAAS system | - secretion stimulated by dehydration, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hemorrhage
89
Describe glucocorticoids (95% cortisol).
- increase blood glucose (increases protein catabolism, lipolysis, conversion of amino ace sot glucose) - antiinflammatory - decreases connective tissue production, and immune function
90
What are androgens?
small amount of male sex hormone produced by adrenal cortex - insignificant in males - contribute to sex drive in females - converted to estrogen in postmenopausal females (androgens are testosterone?)
91
Describe the adrenal medulla.
chromatin cells produce catecholamine (E, NE) under direct control of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) - mimic effects of SNS
92
Describe the pancreas
posterior to the stomach and is a mixed gland (meaning 99% exocrine acini and1% endocrine cells in Islets of Langerhands)
93
What does the pancreas produce?
``` pancriotic juices (exocrine acini) produce insulin and glucagon (endocrine Islets of Langerhans produce insulin and glucagon ```
94
What are the different types of pancreatic tissue?
- Islets of Langehans (secrete hormones insulin and glucagon) - Alphacells (secrete glucagon) - Beta cells (secrete insulin) - Acini (secretes pancreatic juiced)
95
When blood glucose decreases what is secreted from the pancreas?
glucagon
96
When blood glucose increases what is secreted from the pancreas?
insulin

Anatomy And Physiology (18 decks)

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