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Medical-MITS > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Alzheimer’s disease / Enfermedad de
Alzheimer

A

A deteriorating and progressive disease of the brain,
characterized by loss of language skills, thinking, and
memory.

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2
Q

Amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis /
Esclerosis lateral
amiotrófica

A

ALS is a deteriorating and progressive disorder of motor
neurons in the central nervous system causing paralysis
and muscle loss.

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3
Q

Ataxia / Ataxia

A

The inability to control body movements.

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4
Q

Attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder /
Trastorno por déficit
de atención con
hiperactividad

A

ADHD is a behavioral disorder occurring mostly in
children, marked by poor focus, impulsivity, and
hyperactivity.

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5
Q

Autism / Autismo

A

A mental disorder present from early childhood and
marked by symptoms of difficulties with
communication, social interaction, and understanding
abstract language concepts.

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6
Q

Bell palsy / Parálisis de Bell

A

Severe weakness or paralysis of the facial nerve that
controls muscle movements; it usually happens on just
one side of the face and is characterized by a facial
droop.

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7
Q

Bipolar disorder / Trastorno bipolar

A

A psychiatric condition marked by fluctuating periods of
elation and depression.

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8
Q

Brainstem / Tronco cerebral

A

The central part of the brain that connects with the
spinal cord. It is responsible for controlling basic body
functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness, swallowing, and breathing. *Also correct: tronco encefálico o tronco del
encéfalo.

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9
Q

Carotid arteries / Arterias carótidas

A

These are two major blood vessels located on both sides of the neck. They supply oxygenated blood from the
heart to the brain and head.

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10
Q

Carotid
endarterectomy / Endarterectomía
carotídea

A

A procedure that removes the buildup that causes the
carotid arteries to stop or decrease blood flow to the
brain.

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11
Q

Cerebral embolism / Embolia cerebral

A

The result of a clot or plaque blocking blood flow to the
brain and causing an ischemic stroke.

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12
Q

CNS / Sistema nervioso
centra

A

The Central Nervous System makes up the brain and
spinal cord and is one of the two nervous systems in the
body.

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13
Q

Cognitive / Cognitivo

A

Relating to cognition, which involves conscious
intellectual processes like reasoning, thinking, and
remembering.

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14
Q

Computed
tomography / Tomografía
computarizada

A

A CT is a noninvasive study using a combination of
computer and x-ray images of the internal body
structures to look for abnormalities.

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15
Q

Concussion / Conmoción cerebral

A

A minor brain injury caused by a blow to the head
resulting in a brief loss of consciousness.

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16
Q

Convulsion / Convulsión

A

A sudden, involuntary muscle contraction of the body or limb, which generally happens as a result of toxins, seizures, or fever. *Commonly known as ataque o ataque súbito.

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17
Q

CT myelography / Mielografía por
tomografía
computarizada

A

A myelogram is a radiographic study that uses contrast
dye to form images of the spinal column, including roots,
nerves, and tissues.

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18
Q

Dementia / Demencia

A

A brain disease or injury that causes progressive
deterioration of mental processes leading to personality
changes, mood disorders, and impaired reasoning.

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19
Q

EEG / Electroencefalograma

A

An electroencephalogram is a diagnostic study using
electrodes attached to the head to record electrical brain
activity.

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20
Q

Encephalitis / Encefalitis

A

Brain inflammation, which is usually caused by an
allergic reaction or an infection.

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21
Q

Epilepsy / Epilepsia

A

Sudden recurrent episodes of violent convulsions and
loss of consciousness, caused by abnormal electrical
activity in the brain.

22
Q

Gait / Forma de caminar

A

An individual’s manner of walking. *Also correct: marcha, modo de caminar o forma de
andar.

23
Q

Glioblastoma / Glioblastoma

A

A massive tumor in the brain or spinal cord that starts in
the supportive cells called glial cells.

24
Q

Hemiplegia / Hemiplejia

A

Another word for hemiparesis, this is paralysis on one
side of the body.

25
Q

Hydrocephalus / Hidrocefalia

A

The buildup of fluid in the brain, which leads to
enlargement of the head and may cause brain damage.

26
Q

Lumbar puncture / Punción lumbar

A

A surgical procedure to remove spinal fluid using a
hollow needle. Also known as lumbar tap.

27
Q

Meningitis / Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges, which is a collection of
membranes surrounding the spinal cord and brain.

28
Q

Multiple sclerosis / Esclerosis múltiple

A

A long-term, progressive disease characterized by
damage to the sheaths that surround the nerves in the
spinal column and brain.

29
Q

Myelin / Mielina

A

The insulating sheath that surrounds nerve fibers. It
regulates the speed of electrical impulses between
neurons.

30
Q

Neuron / Neurona

A

A type of nerve cell that gets and sends electrical
impulses from all over the body.

31
Q

Paraplegia / Paraplejia

A

Complete or partial paralysis of the lower half of the
body.

32
Q

Parkinson’s disease / Enfermedad de
Parkinson

A

A long-term progressive disease caused by decreased
dopamine production and leading to symptoms of
tremor, rigidity, impaired balance, shuffling gait, and
slow movements.

33
Q

Peripheral nervous
system / Sistema nervioso
periférico

A

The network of nerves that branches out of the central
nervous system to the rest of the body.

34
Q

Phobia / Fobia

A

An irrational fear of something.

35
Q

Posttraumatic stress
disorder / Trastorno de estrés
postraumático

A

PTSD is a mental condition that develops after a person
experiences or witnesses a terrifying or dangerous
event.

36
Q

Psychogenic / Psicogénico

A

Something that originates within the mind, rather than
a physical cause.

37
Q

Psychopathy / Psicopatía

A

A general term to describe a mental disorder or illness.

38
Q

Psychosis / Psicosis

A

A mental disease characterized by detachment from
reality, with complete impairment of thoughts and
emotions.

39
Q

Psychosomatic / Psicosomático

A

A physical condition or other type of illness that is caused
or aggravated by a mental component like stress or
internal conflict.

40
Q

Quadriplegia / Cuadriplejia (jía)

A

Complete paralysis of all four extremities. *It can be pronounced as cuadriplejia o cuadriplejía, con acento en la “i”. Also correct: tetraplejia.

41
Q

Schizophrenia / Esquizofrenia

A

A severe chronic mental illness that affects the ability to
break down thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, which
leads to distorted perceptions, inappropriate behaviors,
and feelings of having a fragmented mind.

42
Q

Sciatica / Ciática

A

Severe pain that radiates from the lower back all the way
down the leg, caused by compression of the spinal nerve
root in the lower back.

43
Q

Seizure / Convulsión

A

A sudden burst of electrical activity in the brain, which
may lead to convulsions or decreased mental clarity. *Commonly known as ataque o ataque súbito.

44
Q

Serotonin / Serotonina

A

This is often referred to as the “happy hormone,” it acts
like a neurotransmitter and assists with nerve impulses;
it plays a key role in mood, digestion, sleep, and pain
perception.

45
Q

Shingles / Herpes zoster

A

A viral infection caused by the chickenpox virus. It leads
to inflammation of the nerve ganglia and presents as a
red painful rash. *Shingles can also be translated as culebrilla; however, some Spanish speaking people may not be familiar with this term.

46
Q

Shunt / Derivación

A

A connecting device that allows blood or fluid to flow
from one location to another.

47
Q

Spinal cord / Médula espinal

A

The cylinder-shaped tube or column made up of nerve
tissue. It connects to the brain and allows the passage of
nerve fibers.

48
Q

Stroke / Ataque cerebral

A

Damage to brain tissue due to a sever blockage of blood
supply or the rupture of a blood vessel within the brain. *Ataque/infarto cerebral is the general name for both embolias y derrames cerebrales. Apoplejía o accidente cerebrovascular are also correct.

49
Q

Subarachnoid
hemorrhage / subaracnoidea

A

The leakage of blood into the space between two
membranes in the brain, which is usually caused by a
rupture of an aneurysm.

50
Q

Tremor / Temblor

A

An involuntary shaking or vibratory movement that
happens in the hands, arms, legs, and feet.

51
Q

Key Word Parts:

A

encephala/o - brain
mening/o - membrane
psych/o - pertaining to the mind
_plegia - paralysis

Medical-MITS (12 decks)

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