The Modern Era

Question 1

By the end of the__CE, Christianity was no longer at the centre of Western civilization.

Answer 1

18th

Question 2

Why was Christianity no longer at the centre of Western Civilization by the end of the 18th CE?

Answer 2

because the ties between the Church and state had been significantly loosened

Question 3

What was the intellectual atmosphere during the end of the 18th century known as?

Answer 3

the Enlightenment

Question 4

What type of movement was the Enlightenment?

Answer 4

An intellectual movement

Question 5

Who said the following: Enlightenment is men’s emergence from his immaturity. Immaturity: inability to use one’s reason without the help of others.

Answer 5

Immanuel Kant

Question 6

When did the Enlightenment begin?

Answer 6

Some recent historians argue that the Enlightenment begins in 1620s, following “scientific revolution.”

Question 7

What was the crucial moment for the beginning of the Enlightenment?

Answer 7

A crucial moment was when the Polish astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the idea that the universe revolved around the sun, rather than the earth (heliocentrism).

Question 8

How did Galileo Galilei confirm heliocentrism?

Answer 8

through empirical observation

Question 9

How did the Church respond to Nicolaus Copernicus? How did the church respond to Gelileo?

Answer 9

• the church responded to this finding by banning Copernicus’s book
• Galileo was put on trial and found guilty of heresy.

Question 10

What was reflected in Deism?

Answer 10

The growing important of science was also reflected in the rise of Deism

Question 11

What did the Deists argue?

Answer 11

The Desists argued that the universe manifests a regular pattern or “laws of nature.”

Question 12

True or False: The Deists did not believe that the laws of nature could be suspended by divine intervention (such as miracles).

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What did the Deists recognize about the universe? What did they believe about God and the universe?

Answer 13

• They recognized the universe as the product of a divine intelligence
• Like a clock maker, God created the universe, then leaves it to run on its own
• This is a ‘teleological’ argument

Question 14

Where did the teleological argument originate?

Answer 14

From Greek tradition

Question 15

What did William Paley argue?

Answer 15

Natural theology provides arguments for th existence of God based on reason

Question 16

How does natural theology differ from revealed theology?

Answer 16

It differs from “revealed theology” which provides arguments for the existence of God based on revelation, not reason.

Question 17

What is the following an example of? :

Even if the universe is imperfect, even if there is a problem of suffering, humans can still posit the existence of God.

Answer 17

Natural Theology

Question 18

What type of philosophy arose during the Enlightenment?

Answer 18

The rise of philosophical skepticism about the claim for transcendence

Question 19

What did Immananuel Kanti argue?

Answer 19

That Thomas Aquinas’ argument for God as the First Cause cannot be proved

Question 20

What did Kant focus on?

Answer 20

Kant focuses on the experience and feeling, .e.e., human response to the transcendence.

Question 21

What did Schleiermacher characterize religion as?

Answer 21

Characterized religion as an intuitive sense of absolute dependence

Question 22

What as the scientific worldview up until the beginning of the 19th CE?

Answer 22

that of the “creationist”

Question 23

What is the “creationist” theory?

Answer 23

The creationist held that every species on earth had been created by God with specific characteristics

Question 24

How did Charles Darwin challenge the “creationist” theory?

Answer 24

Challenged that idea and proposed that new types of organism were not created by God, but developed overt time through a process of “natural selection”

Question 25

Whose theory challenged both teleological arguments and creationist arguments?

Answer 25

Darwin

Question 26

True or False: Some scholars reconciled the evolution theory with religious belief, arguing that the religious concept of creation and evolution theory does not contradict each other.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

In the realm of intellectual life: the idea of “___” became predominant.

Answer 27

progress

Question 28

Which ideologies were privileged during the Enlightenment?

Answer 28

Secular norms and ideologies over religious ones

Question 29

What arose in the political arena?

Answer 29

the emergence of unions and voluntary associations

Question 30

What are 4 impacts of the Enlightenment?

one regards men, one skeptics, one the bible, and one peace

Answer 30

1) Men have the capacity to answer and explain questions about the nature of reality
2) Many skeptics openly attacked Christianity, asking why a perfect God would ever create an imperfect world
3) The Bible was challenged in terms of authorship, textual contradictions,a nd interpretive discontinuities
4) Some questioned the call for peace by Christianity and the use of religion in perpetuating conflicts

Question 31

What is the Evangelical ‘Great Awakening’?

Answer 31

In the face of its declining process, Christianity paradoxically experienced several waves of revival: “Great Awakening.”

Question 32

What was the main target of the Great Awakening?

Answer 32

people who were already church-goers

Question 33

What did the Great Awakening help people to do?

Answer 33

It helped individuals to feel as sense of belonging in the Christian faith

Question 34

What was the idea behind the Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)?

Answer 34

It summoned people to participate actively in the imperative of the Protestant Reformation

Question 35

What was the focus behind the (1800s) Great Awakening?

Answer 35

• It focused on bringing non-believers to Christianity. Missionary organizations traced their origins to this time

Question 36

Why did Christianity attract New Converts in the 1800s?

Answer 36

• Europeans welcomed dark-skinned individuals into their churches
• It attracted new converts, especially among African slaves or free African Americans

Question 37

Describe the Great Awakening during the period of 1859-1914 (WWI).

Answer 37

The period of social engagement; distribution of the Bible, social reform (including prohibition of alcohol as protection for the family).

Question 38

Who formed the “Methodist”?

Answer 38

John Wesley (an ordained Anglican priest who broke with the Church of England) formed this group with his colleagues. The Methodist were a study group.

Question 39

What did Wesley focus on?

Answer 39

Engagement with the world as the place where the kingdom of God was to be real.

Question 40

What did Wesley promote?

Answer 40

Promoted the simplicity of the early church in preaching, class gatherings, and Bible studies,

Question 41

Who is known to have spread the gospels throughout the thirteen Colonies?

Answer 41

Johathan Edwards

Question 42

Who was an intolerant preacher who travelled from community to community, aspiring new enthusiasm for faith?

Answer 42

Jonathan Edwards

Question 43

Edwards was a___and affiliated with the___church

Answer 43

• Calvinist

- Congregational

Question 44

Who said the following:
“Well it behooved God to create man pure and without sin, it was of his ‘good pleasure’ and ‘mere and arbitrary grace’ for him to grant any person the faith necessary to incline him or her toward holiness, and that God might deny this grace without any disparagement to any of his character.”

Answer 44

Jonathan Edwards