The Modern Era Flashcards
By the end of the__CE, Christianity was no longer at the centre of Western civilization.
18th
Why was Christianity no longer at the centre of Western Civilization by the end of the 18th CE?
because the ties between the Church and state had been significantly loosened
What was the intellectual atmosphere during the end of the 18th century known as?
the Enlightenment
What type of movement was the Enlightenment?
An intellectual movement
Who said the following: Enlightenment is men’s emergence from his immaturity. Immaturity: inability to use one’s reason without the help of others.
Immanuel Kant
When did the Enlightenment begin?
Some recent historians argue that the Enlightenment begins in 1620s, following “scientific revolution.”
What was the crucial moment for the beginning of the Enlightenment?
A crucial moment was when the Polish astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the idea that the universe revolved around the sun, rather than the earth (heliocentrism).
How did Galileo Galilei confirm heliocentrism?
through empirical observation
How did the Church respond to Nicolaus Copernicus? How did the church respond to Gelileo?
- the church responded to this finding by banning Copernicus’s book
- Galileo was put on trial and found guilty of heresy.
What was reflected in Deism?
The growing important of science was also reflected in the rise of Deism
What did the Deists argue?
The Desists argued that the universe manifests a regular pattern or “laws of nature.”
True or False: The Deists did not believe that the laws of nature could be suspended by divine intervention (such as miracles).
True
What did the Deists recognize about the universe? What did they believe about God and the universe?
- They recognized the universe as the product of a divine intelligence
- Like a clock maker, God created the universe, then leaves it to run on its own
- This is a ‘teleological’ argument
Where did the teleological argument originate?
From Greek tradition
What did William Paley argue?
Natural theology provides arguments for th existence of God based on reason
How does natural theology differ from revealed theology?
It differs from “revealed theology” which provides arguments for the existence of God based on revelation, not reason.
What is the following an example of? :
Even if the universe is imperfect, even if there is a problem of suffering, humans can still posit the existence of God.
Natural Theology
What type of philosophy arose during the Enlightenment?
The rise of philosophical skepticism about the claim for transcendence
What did Immananuel Kanti argue?
That Thomas Aquinas’ argument for God as the First Cause cannot be proved
What did Kant focus on?
Kant focuses on the experience and feeling, .e.e., human response to the transcendence.
What did Schleiermacher characterize religion as?
Characterized religion as an intuitive sense of absolute dependence
What as the scientific worldview up until the beginning of the 19th CE?
that of the “creationist”
What is the “creationist” theory?
The creationist held that every species on earth had been created by God with specific characteristics
How did Charles Darwin challenge the “creationist” theory?
Challenged that idea and proposed that new types of organism were not created by God, but developed overt time through a process of “natural selection”
Whose theory challenged both teleological arguments and creationist arguments?
Darwin
True or False: Some scholars reconciled the evolution theory with religious belief, arguing that the religious concept of creation and evolution theory does not contradict each other.
True
In the realm of intellectual life: the idea of “___” became predominant.
progress
Which ideologies were privileged during the Enlightenment?
Secular norms and ideologies over religious ones
What arose in the political arena?
the emergence of unions and voluntary associations
What are 4 impacts of the Enlightenment?
one regards men, one skeptics, one the bible, and one peace
1) Men have the capacity to answer and explain questions about the nature of reality
2) Many skeptics openly attacked Christianity, asking why a perfect God would ever create an imperfect world
3) The Bible was challenged in terms of authorship, textual contradictions,a nd interpretive discontinuities
4) Some questioned the call for peace by Christianity and the use of religion in perpetuating conflicts
What is the Evangelical ‘Great Awakening’?
In the face of its declining process, Christianity paradoxically experienced several waves of revival: “Great Awakening.”
What was the main target of the Great Awakening?
people who were already church-goers
What did the Great Awakening help people to do?
It helped individuals to feel as sense of belonging in the Christian faith
What was the idea behind the Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)?
It summoned people to participate actively in the imperative of the Protestant Reformation
What was the focus behind the (1800s) Great Awakening?
- It focused on bringing non-believers to Christianity. Missionary organizations traced their origins to this time
Why did Christianity attract New Converts in the 1800s?
- Europeans welcomed dark-skinned individuals into their churches
- It attracted new converts, especially among African slaves or free African Americans
Describe the Great Awakening during the period of 1859-1914 (WWI).
The period of social engagement; distribution of the Bible, social reform (including prohibition of alcohol as protection for the family).
Who formed the “Methodist”?
John Wesley (an ordained Anglican priest who broke with the Church of England) formed this group with his colleagues. The Methodist were a study group.
What did Wesley focus on?
Engagement with the world as the place where the kingdom of God was to be real.
What did Wesley promote?
Promoted the simplicity of the early church in preaching, class gatherings, and Bible studies,
Who is known to have spread the gospels throughout the thirteen Colonies?
Johathan Edwards
Who was an intolerant preacher who travelled from community to community, aspiring new enthusiasm for faith?
Jonathan Edwards
Edwards was a___and affiliated with the___church
- Calvinist
- Congregational
Who said the following:
“Well it behooved God to create man pure and without sin, it was of his ‘good pleasure’ and ‘mere and arbitrary grace’ for him to grant any person the faith necessary to incline him or her toward holiness, and that God might deny this grace without any disparagement to any of his character.”
Jonathan Edwards
