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RLST112 > Historic Encounters: Jews in the Christian and Muslim World > Flashcards

Historic Encounters: Jews in the Christian and Muslim World Flashcards

1
Q

How did Christianity begin?

A

Christianity began as a Jewish sect. Jesus and his earliest disciples were Jews.

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2
Q

Did Jesus’ message have success among Jews?

A

only modest success

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3
Q

How were Jesus’ Jewish follows identified? Describe them.

A

These followers were identified as “Jewish-Christians.” They were no longer the same as Jews because they believed in Christ. But many still adopted Jewish practices such as circumcision, observance f Jewish dietary law, synagogue attendance.

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4
Q

By the 2nd century, many of those who accepted Jesus’ message were___(non-Jews). They were called___.

A
  • Gentiles

- Gentile-Christians

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5
Q

What were the two opinions regarding Gentile-Christians and Mosaic Law?

A
  • To some Jewish-Christians, gentile converts to Christianity were obligated to follow the Mosaic Law to attain salvation.
  • To others, the practices of Gentile-Christians to adhere to traditional Mosaic laws, including circumcision, were seen negating Christian faith in Jesus as messiah
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6
Q

In his letter to the Galatians, who urged Gentile-Christians not to tie themselves to “a yoke of slavery”?

A

Paul

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7
Q

Who, in general, were blamed for the death of Jesus?

A

Jews

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8
Q

Who did Bishop of Antioch, John Chrysostom, level synagogues?

A

As a whorehouse and a cheater…a den of thieves and a haunt of wild animals.

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9
Q

Who said the following inches Dialogue with Trypho: “Christians had replaced Jews as ‘the true and spiritual Israelite nation.’ ‘Circumcision was commanded of the Jews to set them apart for suffering.’”?

A

Justin Martyr

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10
Q

Who posed an existential threat to Christianity?

A

jews

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11
Q

When did Christianity become the official religion of the Roman Empire?

A

380

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12
Q

What happened when Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire?

A
  • all inhabitants of the Byzantine were expected to follow the faith
  • Jews and Judaism were seen as contrary to Christian faith
  • Jews began to face sever restriction
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13
Q

What were restrictions placed on Jews when Christianity blame the official religion of the Roman Empire?

A
  • they are no tallowed to hold public office, build synagogue,marry Christian, or own Christian slaves.
  • some faced death penalty or exile for refusing the conversion to Christianity
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14
Q

Why didn’t pagans pose a threat to Christianity?

A

They were pagan…had nothing to do with Christian faith.

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15
Q

What did Augustine of Hippo’s City of God state?

A

Jews should not be eradicated; they should be allowed to live in suffering. The suffering of Jews were to serve an example of consequences of not accepting Jesus as messiah.

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16
Q

What was Jewish life like under Islam (7th - 12th CE)?

A
  • Jews lived in a better environment than what they had tolerated under Christian rulers
  • Muslims considered Jews and Christians their partners in monotheism and respected them as “People of the Book”
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17
Q

What were Jews and Christians living under Islam defined as?

A

dhimmis

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18
Q

What are “dhimmis”?

A

The shimmies were guaranteed of freedom to exercise religion, exempted from military service, so long as they paid special taxes.
- Islamic law only applicable to Muslims in this case. They did not apply it to Jews and Christians.

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19
Q

True or False: Jews and Muslims never experienced complicated history and theological disputes.

A

True

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20
Q

What are 4 similarities between Jewish and Muslims?

A
  • Muslims venerated Jewish patriarch as the prophets of Islam
  • Muslim and Jews opposed the use of images or icons in the worship of God.
  • Both rejected the doctrine of trinity
  • During the “Dark Ages,” when Muslim flourished, Jews also flourished
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21
Q

Why was it easier for Muslims to accept Jews as fellow Monotheists? (2 reasons)

A
  • No notion of trinity

- Qur’an mentions several paragraphs that are similar to Hebrew Bible

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22
Q

During which period did the translation of Greek works and productions of medieval sciences happen?

A

Gaonic period

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23
Q

What are Gaonim?

A
  • In Baghad, Jewish academic leaders, Known as Gaonim, were active in the transmission and teaching of Talmud (Talmud is the basis Jewish and is widely quoted in rabbi literature)
  • they also active in producing legal thought, which is called “response”, ranging from divorce, inheritance,and commercial enterprise.
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24
Q

When did the Abbasid dynasty come into power? What did this mean for Jews?

A
  • 750

- they developed academic institution and invited Jewish scholars to Baghdad

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25
Q

What are the Karaites?

A
  • a group of Jewish scholars in the Muslim world

- they are ‘scripturalists’ that gained the authority of the Torah

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26
Q

What is the word Karaites derived from?

A

From Hebreww para’ means ‘to read.’

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27
Q

Who founded the Karaites?

A

Anan ben David

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28
Q

What did Anan ben David argue?

A

That only the Tanakh was authoritative.

29
Q

What did the Karaites reject/

A

The principle that the rabbinic interpret ion of the Torah (Talmud) had the status of divinely revealed true.

30
Q

What was it that Ben David sought (founder of the Karaites)?

A

Sought to make the Hebrew Bible the exclusive source of legal authority, encouraging individual to read and interpret the Torah for themselves.

31
Q

What is the difference between Gaonic scholars and Karaites?

A

Karaites relied on authority of Torah in contrast to Gaonic scholar who would rely on authority of Talmud.

32
Q

Who are known as the early Biblical commentators?

A

The Karaites

33
Q

What happened to the Gaonim in the 11th C when the Abbasid experienced decline.

A

The GAonim also experienced decline

34
Q

What happened to the Jews in the Umayyad dynasty in Spain when the Almohads rose topper?

A

they had to leave the peninsula

35
Q

What is a family that escaped Almohad persecution? What is significant about this family?

A
  • That of judge named Maimun
  • His son, Moses ben Maimon, better known as Moses Maimonides would become one of the most famous Jewish philosophers and legal scholars of the Islamic age.
36
Q

What did Moses Maimonides produce?

A

the famous 14-volume code of Jewish law called Mishnah Torah, in addition to treatises on medicine and logic.

37
Q

Who argued agains literal interpretation of sCripture, and believed that all the biblical commandments were rational?

A

Maimonides

38
Q

What environment did Jews mainly belong to in Europe?

A

urban environment

39
Q

Where did Jews flourish? What resulted?

A

They flourished in places like France and Germany, but faced hostility, persecution, and expulsion

40
Q

What happened to Jews during the Spanish Inquisition in 1492? What did most choose?

A
  • They were given the option either to convert to Christianity or exile.
  • Of the tens of thousands who left, most sought refugee in the Ottoman Empire.
41
Q

Why do some Turkish Jews still speak the Sephardic language, Ladino?

A
  • Because of the Spanish Inquisition when they sought refugee in the Ottoman Empire
42
Q

What were those who converted during the Spanish Inquisition called?

A

conversos

- many did not abandon Jewish tradition. They flourished in other places.

43
Q

What is Kabbalah? How did it emerge?

A

Theistical tradition known as “Kabbalah” emerged from the experiences and pains caused by explosion.

44
Q

What is the Kabbalah influences by?

A

Although the Kabbalah is thought to have been passed from as far back as Moses, it appears to be influenced by Islamic mystical tradition, Sufism.

45
Q

Describe the Jewish mystical tradition?

A

Like the Sufis, the devout individual can experience direct revelation of God, through meditation or ecstatic prayer.

46
Q

How did Jews respond to the hostile environment?

A

Kabbalah

47
Q

Who was Isaac Luria?

A

influential Kabbalah scholar

48
Q

What is Luria’s concept of “tikkun”?

A

restoration

- hey argue that Jews had the capacity to restore the world to its original state.

49
Q

What is the phrase “tikkun olam”

A

restoring the world

50
Q

What was an empowering idea for the generation of Jews struggling with the aftermath of explosion?

A

the idea that individual religious acts could make a difference was empowering

51
Q

What is Sabbatai Zvi?

A
  • declared the messiah in Izmir, Turkey

- he was an influential figure; his teaching attracted many followers

52
Q

What happened to Sabbatai Zvi?

A
  • the Ottoman Sultan had put him in prison and given him choice of conversion to Islam or execution
  • Zvi converted to Islam and changed his name to Aziz Mehmed Effendi
  • Some of his followers abandoned him, others converted with him
53
Q

What are Sabbatai Zvi’s descendants called?

A

Descendants of this community still live in Turkey, known as Donme (returners).

54
Q

When did Jews first experience segregation where they had to live in an area called the “ghetto”?

A

In the sixteenth century

55
Q

Where were Jews welcomed after persecution eventually forced them to move further east? How did this change Eastern Europe?

A
  • They were welcome in Poland and other Eastern European cities.
  • Eastern Europe in turn became home to vibrant Askanazic Jewish culture, in which the vernacular was Yiddish
56
Q

Why did many Jews in Eastern Europe move back to the West in 1648?

A

They were targeted by the Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Cossack rebels.

57
Q

Where and when did Hasidism emerge?

A

In the mid eighteenth century, in Poland, a highly influential movement called “Hasidism” (piety) emerged.

58
Q

Who was the leader of Hasidism?

A

Israel ben Eliezer

59
Q

What is Hasidism?

A

Hasidism countered the rabbinic leaders who exaggerated the necessity of scholarship as means of knowing God, and as a result of this idealism, diminished uneducated Jews. Hasidic leaders encourage Jews to worship God with joy and eight, from the hearth not the head.

60
Q

The leaders of Hasidism are___individuals, not rabbinic___.

A
  • charismatic

- scholars

61
Q

What were the tsaddik (leaders of Hasidism) called in Yiddish?

A

‘Rebbe’ instead of the more formal Rabbi.

62
Q

What community are the majority of Orthodox Jews from?

A

Hasidic community

63
Q

What is the “folklore” expression of Judaism?

A

Hasidic community

64
Q

What is the group that opposed Hasidism?

A

a community of learn scholars called ‘mitnagdim’.

65
Q

Describe the community ‘Mitnagdim’.

A

They objected in particular to the introduction of Kabbalah into the daily life of the masses. They were disturbed by the fact that the Hasidic paid little attention to Torah study.

66
Q

Why does Hasidism make up an important component of Orthodox Judaism today?

A

The Mitnagdim were unable to shun Hasidism.

67
Q

Which Jewish community rigidly studies the Torah?

A

Mitnagdim

68
Q

Which Jewish community was the worst community to suffer during the Crusades?

A

Mitnagdim

RLST112 (29 decks)

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