Historic Encounters: Anti-Semitism and Zionism Flashcards
By the___century, when Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, Jews were regarded as aliens.
4th
What was the sufferings of Jews to see as?
An example of consequences oft accepting Jesus as messiah.
Why is the term “anti-Semitism” a misnomer?
It implies a discrimination against all Semites. Arabs and other peoples are also Semites, and yet they are not the targets of anti-Semitism as it is usually understood
Who are the main target of anti-semitism?
jews
When were Jews in Western moved out of the - ghetto? What resulted (2 things)?
- in the 19th century, after the Enlightenment
- they began to participate more fully in the culture and society around them
- but debate arose over what came to be known as the “Jewish question”
What is the Jewish Question?
- it was a neutral expression used in discussion about Jewish emancipation in a wider society
What did German Protestant theologian, Bruno Bauer, claim about Jews in 1843?
that they were plotting, as a group, against the rest of the world.
Why were Jews to blame for the hostility they encountered?
Because they refused to relinquish their ancestral culture.
How was the Jewish Question used in anti-Semitic movements?
Culminated in various solutions, among others, was the Nazi’s Final Solution to the Jewish Question
What old stigma exacerbated the hostility towards Jews?
that Jews were Christ killer
Who said the following: “We are at fault for not slang them…we allow them to live freely in our midst despite their murder, cursing, blaspheming, lying and defaming.”
Martin Luther
What did Enlightenment thinkers blame the Jews for?
The advent of Christianity and for the injustices and cruel committed by Christians.
What 3 major changes was European society undergoing in the second half of the 19th century?
1) competition among nations increased
2) workers were beginning to demand more rights and better living and working conditions
3) nationalism and racism added to the tension culminated in WWI
How was anti-semitism used as a political tool?
- facing division and anxiety, politicians in Europe used opposition to Jews to unify disparate groups in society
- In Central and Western Europe political parties from across the spectrum exploited people’s anxiety to gain votes and popular support
What were Jews said to be undersizing of?
The benefit of emancipation
Marxism, Liberalism, Communism, Capitalism blamed___for the economic downturn.
jews
What did anti-semitism become inGermany and Austria?
An organized movement with its own political parties.
When did Karl Lueger win the mayoralty of Vienna with his anti-Semitic campaigns?
the 1890s
What were some statements made that were quite damaging and caused anxiety among Jews?
“don’t buy from Jews” “Jews are everywhere”
Jew were openly___and___in cartoons, posters, pamphlet all over Europe.
- derided
- caricatured
What was the central differences between anti-Judaism of the ancient world and the anti-Semitism of the modern world?
the racial dimension associated with the latter.
In the modern world, Jew were publicly attacked for being racially___.
other
In the ancient times, anti-Jewish actions focused on the distinctive___practice(___) and ___of the Jews.
- religious
- Judaism
- custom
What is the dreyfus affair?
- Alfred Dreyfus was a Jewish army officer who was falsely accused of spying for Germany
- His case came to be known as the “Dreyfus Affair” since it was motivated by overt antisemitism
What motivated French anti-Semitism?
- the decline in politics, hostility toward changes brought about by the revolution, and the nostalgia for strong monarchy
When were Jews granted legal equality?
1791
What was anti-semitism in Russia?
- the state did not initiate popular persecution (pogroms), but neither did it initiate to stop it
- in Russia, Jews became the target of anti-Semitism led by the state and church leaders
- Jews were labelled non-Russian and the enemy of christianity
What is the Protocol of the Elder of Zion
A fabricated work that claimed that Jews has discussed a place for global domination. the book is widely circulated. Henry Ford is known to have funded the publication
When was the Russian legacy of anti-Semitism, the Protocol of the Elders of Zion, written?
At the beginning of the anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia, after which thousands of Jews died or fled the country.
What are pogroms?
Public persecution (Russian word)
What triggered the movement Zionism?
continuous persecution and the growing political and radical anti-Semitism
What is Zionism?
Zionism is a European ideology of Jewish nationalism that sought to establish a Jewish state.
What is the purpose of the Jewish state?
to redeem the persecuted Eastern European Jews
What is an ethnic y-product of the rise of modern nationalism in the mi of the 19th century?
Zionism
What does the name “Zion” refer to?
A hilltop in Jerusalem, known today as the Temple Mount. The name also refers to the land of Jerusalem,the people, and their religious an apolitical tradition.
Who first introduced the idea of Zionism as a political movement?
by Austro-Hungarian journalist, Theodor Herzl in 1897
What did Herzl argue in his book “Der Judenstaat”?
The necessity of establishing an independent state for Jews as a means to end anti-Semitism
