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RLST112 > Historic Encounters I: Islam Philosophy and the Spread of Islam > Flashcards

Historic Encounters I: Islam Philosophy and the Spread of Islam Flashcards

1
Q

Where did Islam originate?

A

The Arabian Peninsula

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2
Q

Who was considered the last prophet in the Abrahamic traditions in Islam?

A

Muhammad

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3
Q

What happened after Muhammad’s death in 632 in terms of leadership?

A

Muslims were ruled by four caliphs (successors) to the Prophet

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4
Q

Who ruled the Muslim world beginning in 661?

A

The Muslim world was ruled by two hereditary dynasties: the Umayyad and the Abbasids.

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5
Q

What type of religion is Islam, like Christianity?

A

a missionary religion

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6
Q

What did Muslims believe of the message of their faith?

A

Intended for all human kind; to be practiced in a community that transcends geographic, cultural, and liturgics borders.

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7
Q

True or False: The Qur’an sanctions forced conversion.

A

False

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8
Q

What is dhimmi status?

A

Jews and Christians living under Muslim territories were protected under dhimmi status: Dhimmi: protected people.

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9
Q

How did Conversion to Islam happen?

A

Gradually through living examples, trades, spiritual and intellectual encounters, and not through military conquest.

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10
Q

Why was the idea of not converting Christians and Jews to inseam tactical?

A

Because they needed the tax to fund military. They could not get tax from Muslims in this case…could only get 2.5% of annual income. Was not enough to fund military.

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11
Q

When were former Roman territories in North Africa conquered by the Umayyad?

A

since th early 8th century

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12
Q

What was once the centre of Arab Islamic culture in the Mediterranean

A

The city of Qayrawan (Tunisia) in North Africa

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13
Q

Which region produced scholars, philosophers, mystics (Sufis) who were instrumental in creating this place’s heritage?

A

North Africa

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14
Q

What happened in the 19th and 20th centuries with North African Muslims?

A

North Africa Muslims, especially the Sufis, played a crucial role in the region’s struggle for independence from colonial powers.

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15
Q

What did Muslim presence in Western Europe begin with?

A

The establishment of the Umayyad dynasty in Southern Spain in 711.

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16
Q

True or False: In Western Europe, Muslims, Christians, and Jews lived in mutual tolerance for centuries.

A

True

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17
Q

When were Muslims driver out of Spain?

A

1492 because Medieval Europe would not tolerate a permanent Muslim community on their soil.

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18
Q

Who did Muslims engage in commercial, political, and cultural relations with when in Western Europe?

A

with both Latin and Byzantine states.

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19
Q

Are contemporary Muslim communities in Western Europe a relative recent phenomena?

A

yes

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20
Q

When did Muslims arrive in Sub-Saharan Africa?

A

As early as the 8th century

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21
Q

What was instrumental in establishing Muslim communities and adapting Islam in the region of Sub-Saharan Africa?

A

trades, preachers, jurists

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22
Q

Specifically in East Africa, who played important roles in spreadingIslam along the coast?

A

the traders

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23
Q

What is an important elements of East African Muslim community? When did they migrate there and from where?

A

An important element of East African Muslim has been the Khoja community who migrated from India in the mid-1800s.

24
Q

How did the Khoja community end up in east Africa?

A

they were brought by the British

25
Q

The British and___helped expand Islam.

A

Reconquista

26
Q

What is Central Asia and Iran home to?

A

Prominent Muslim scholars, hadith collectors, historians, philosophers and theologians.

27
Q

What contrived to the established of Islam learnings, institution, and literature in Central Asia and Iran?

A

different dynasties that ruled the region

28
Q

What are the Saljugs? Where did they rule?

A

One major Turkic population from Central Asia, the Saljugs, established dynasty, ruling from Iran to Anatolia.

29
Q

When did the Ottomans reach the peak of their power? Where did they all rule?

A

One Runic family, the Ottomans, reached the peak of their power in the sixteenth century, ruling the Balkans, the Levant, and former roman territories in North Africa.

30
Q

How long have Muslims seen in China?

A

since the 8th century, but Muslim community only established int he 13th century.

31
Q

In China, which two leaders did Muslims prosper under?

A

the Mongols and Ming

32
Q

What cut off Chinese Muslims from the rest of the Muslim world?

A

The decline of the overland trade with Central Asia

33
Q

How many Muslims are there in China today?

A

approximately 80 million

34
Q

When did Islam become an integral part of Indian life?

A

since the 8th century

35
Q

When Muslim ruled most of India, the majority of the population remained___.

A

Hindu

36
Q

How many Muslims are in India today?

A

100-120 million

37
Q

Scholars speculated tat West African Muslims may have sailed to America long before___. Others suggest that when Muslims were driven out of___, many fled to America

A
  • Columbus

- Spain

38
Q

What percent of slaves were Muslims?

A

at least 20%

39
Q

In the middle of the___century, many Muslims migrated to___; some escaped persecutions, some of them were students who decided to stay.

A
  • 20th

- America

40
Q

What is the relationship between African Americans and Islam?

A

Among African Americans, Islam began as a religion of Black people only. Soon, African American communities drew their faith closer to the mainstream.

41
Q

How many Muslims are estimated to be in North America? How many are estimated to be in Canada, specifically?

A
  • 6-7 million

- 600 000

42
Q

When did Muslims begin to cultivate interests in Greek philosophy, science, and medicine?

A

After their encounters with Hellenized Jews and Christians in Syria and Mesopotamia.

43
Q

When did the quest for knowledge reach its peak in Islam?

A

under the Abbasid clip, al-Ma’mum

44
Q

Who is credited with bringing scholars (Jews, Christians, Muslims) to share information, ideas, and culture?

A

al-Ma’mun

45
Q

What is the House of Wisdom that al-Ma’mun established?

A

A major learning centre, library, and translation institute.

46
Q

What did Muslims’ encounters with Greek philosophy precipitate?

A

discussion about these of reason to support Islamic belief (theology)

47
Q

What is theology?

A

discourse about God, God’s attribute, God’s creations. It is also concerned with human free will and predestination (the meaning of destiny); the problem of evil and human suffering.

48
Q

What were the 3 characters of early Muslim philosophers?

A

1) Aristotelian in its logic, physics, and metaphysics
2) Platonist in its political and social aspects
3) Neo-Platonic in its mysticism and theology

49
Q

Who did the following:

  • used philosophical methods to defend fundamental Islamic teachings, such as the existence and the essence of God
  • voiced the idea of creation out of nothing, and the necessity of prophet to humanity
A

Abu Yusuf Ya’qub al-Kindi

50
Q

Who did the following:

  • Platonist; rejected the ideaa of creation of out nothing
  • argued that the universe evolved from its primal matter
  • will turn to its primeval state sometime in the future
A

Abu Bakr al-Razi

51
Q

Who was dubbed the “second teacher” after Aristotle?

A

Abu Nasr al-Farabi

52
Q

What is emanation? (acc. to Abu asr al-Farabi)?

A

From God’s self-knowledge emanated the first intellect, which generated the heavily spheres, and a second intellect, which repeated the process.

53
Q

Who’s encyclopedia manual of medicine and philosophical treatises were studied and became the standard texts in many medieval universities until the 1650s?

A

Avicenna (Ibn Sina)

54
Q

Who introduced the epistemological theory of being, which pre-dates dEscartes’ similar theory (“I think, therefore I am”) approximately six centuries earlier.

A

Avicenna (Ibn Sina)

55
Q

True or False: There were Islamic philosophers who questioned authority of prophets and scripture.

A

True

RLST112 (29 decks)

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